SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 23
Basic Immunology
Fadel Muhammad Garishah
Immune System

The cells and molecules responsible for immunity constitute the
immune system, and their collective and coordinated response to
the introduction of foreign substances is called the immune
response.
Innate Immunity
• Innate immunity (also called natural or native immunity) consists of
cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place.
• The principal components of innate immunity are
– (1) physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial
substances produced at epithelial surfaces;
– (2) phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and NK (natural killer)
cells;
– (3) blood proteins, including members of the complement system and
other mediators of inflammation; and
– (4) proteins called cytokines that regulate and coordinate many of the
activities of the cells of innate immunity.

• Innate immunity provides the early lines of defense against
microbes and may not distinguish specifically differences between
foreign substances.
Adaptive Immunity
• Because this form of immunity develops as a
response to infection and adapts to the
infection, it is called adaptive immunity.
• Specific immunity.
• Cellular Immunity (Macrophages, Antigen
Presenting Cells, T lymphocytes)
• Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes,
Plasmocytes/Plasma Cells and
Immunoglobulins)
Immunogenetics
Hematopoiesis

IL-5
Innate Immunity
Epithelial Barier
Epithelia produce peptides
that have a natural antibiotic
function
- Defensins
- intraepithelial T
lymphocytes and the B-1
subset of B cells,
respectively, and these cells
may recognize and respond
to commonly encountered
microbes.
Innate Immunity
Phagocytes

Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited from the blood to sites of infection by binding to
adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and by chemoattractants produced in response to
the infection.
Innate Immunity
Natural Killer Cells

A. NK cells kill host cells infected by intracellular microbes, thus eliminating
reservoirs of infection.
B. NK cells respond to IL-12 produced by macrophages and secrete IFN-γ, which
activates the macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.
NK cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals that are generated from activating
receptors and inhibitory receptors
Complement System

Innate Immunity
The complement system consists
of several plasma proteins that
are activated by microbes and
promote destruction of the
microbes and inflammation.
Other Circulating Effector Proteins of
Innate Immunity
• Mannose-binding lectin, is a plasma protein that
functions as an opsonin.
• C-reactive protein is a plasma protein that typically
binds to bacterial phospholipids. It functions as an
opsonin.
• C-reactive protein is called an acute-phase reactant
because its plasma levels increase during the acute
stages of many infections.
• Coagulation factors are plasma proteins that mainly
function to prevent hemorrhage by forming a
thrombus at sites where blood vessel integrity is
broken.
Cytokines of Innate Immunity
• The cytokines of innate immunity recruit and
activate leukocytes and produce systemic
alterations, including increases in the
synthesis of effector cells and proteins that
potentiate antimicrobial responses.
Role of Innate Immunity in Stimulating Adaptive
Immune Responses
A. Macrophages and dendritic cells
respond to phagocytosed (cellassociated) microbes, to
activate T lymphocytes
B. B lymphocytes recognize
microbial antigens by their
antigen receptors and recognize
complement system, to activate
the B cells.
Adaptive
Immunity
Cellular Immunity is
mediated by T
lymphocytes (also
called T cells).
Humoral immunity is
mediated by
molecules in the
blood and mucosal
secretions, called
antibodies, that are
produced by cells
called B lymphocytes
Active and passive immunity.
Adaptive Immune Response
• Specificity Ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific
responses
• Diversity Enables immune system to respond to a
large variety of antigens
• Memory Leads to enhanced responses to repeated
exposures to the same antigens
• Specialization Generates responses that are optimal
for defense against different types of microbes
• Self-limitation Allows immune system to respond to
newly encountered antigens
• Nonreactivity to self Prevents injury to the host
during responses to foreign antigens
The principal cells of the immune system are lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells,
and effector cells.
Simplified illustration
Mucosal Immunity
Skin Immunity
Basic immunology

More Related Content

What's hot

Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunityAdaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity
Shanzaay
 

What's hot (20)

Cytokines
CytokinesCytokines
Cytokines
 
Cytokines
Cytokines Cytokines
Cytokines
 
Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmune disordersAutoimmune disorders
Autoimmune disorders
 
B Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
 
Introduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Introduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyIntroduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Introduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical Microbiology
 
Innate Immunity
Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity
Innate Immunity
 
Complement System
Complement System Complement System
Complement System
 
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
Autoimmunity and ToleranceAutoimmunity and Tolerance
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
 
Humoral Immunity
Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
Humoral Immunity
 
Innate immunity: An Over view
Innate immunity: An Over viewInnate immunity: An Over view
Innate immunity: An Over view
 
Cytokines
CytokinesCytokines
Cytokines
 
Autoimmunity
AutoimmunityAutoimmunity
Autoimmunity
 
Immunology
ImmunologyImmunology
Immunology
 
Innate immunity
Innate immunityInnate immunity
Innate immunity
 
Immunodeficiency
ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency
 
Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunityAdaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity
 
Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)
Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)
Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)
 
Antigen Presentation and Processing
Antigen Presentation and ProcessingAntigen Presentation and Processing
Antigen Presentation and Processing
 
Introduction to Immunology
Introduction to ImmunologyIntroduction to Immunology
Introduction to Immunology
 
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
IMMUNOPATHOLOGYIMMUNOPATHOLOGY
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
 

Viewers also liked

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
venku nayak
 
T Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
T Cell Repertoire & Self ToleranceT Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
T Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
raj kumar
 
Notes sex linked traits
Notes sex linked traitsNotes sex linked traits
Notes sex linked traits
stewart_j
 
The regulatory t cells (tregs
The regulatory t cells (tregsThe regulatory t cells (tregs
The regulatory t cells (tregs
eman youssif
 
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - MicrobiologyCh. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
CU Dentistry 2019
 
Immunology overview
Immunology overviewImmunology overview
Immunology overview
dream10f
 
Liver Disease
Liver    DiseaseLiver    Disease
Liver Disease
Deep Deep
 
Approach to liver disease
Approach to liver diseaseApproach to liver disease
Approach to liver disease
anoop r prasad
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Basic Immunology
Basic ImmunologyBasic Immunology
Basic Immunology
 
Introduction to immunology
Introduction to immunologyIntroduction to immunology
Introduction to immunology
 
Basic immunology
Basic immunologyBasic immunology
Basic immunology
 
Immunology
ImmunologyImmunology
Immunology
 
LPN Basic Immune System Overview
LPN Basic Immune System OverviewLPN Basic Immune System Overview
LPN Basic Immune System Overview
 
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM[immunology]
 
T Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
T Cell Repertoire & Self ToleranceT Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
T Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
 
T reg
T regT reg
T reg
 
Lecture Notes 2 Histologi Tumbuh Kembang Empat Jaringan Dasar
Lecture Notes 2 Histologi Tumbuh Kembang Empat Jaringan DasarLecture Notes 2 Histologi Tumbuh Kembang Empat Jaringan Dasar
Lecture Notes 2 Histologi Tumbuh Kembang Empat Jaringan Dasar
 
Notes sex linked traits
Notes sex linked traitsNotes sex linked traits
Notes sex linked traits
 
The regulatory t cells (tregs
The regulatory t cells (tregsThe regulatory t cells (tregs
The regulatory t cells (tregs
 
Lecture Notes 1 : Overview of Immunology
Lecture Notes 1 :  Overview of ImmunologyLecture Notes 1 :  Overview of Immunology
Lecture Notes 1 : Overview of Immunology
 
Lupus update for rhem fellows wramc 2014 talk
Lupus update for rhem fellows wramc 2014  talkLupus update for rhem fellows wramc 2014  talk
Lupus update for rhem fellows wramc 2014 talk
 
Cvs 2
Cvs 2Cvs 2
Cvs 2
 
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - MicrobiologyCh. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
Ch. 11, Immunology Basics - Microbiology
 
Philippine physician licensure exam primer
Philippine physician licensure exam primerPhilippine physician licensure exam primer
Philippine physician licensure exam primer
 
Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunityAdaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity
 
Immunology overview
Immunology overviewImmunology overview
Immunology overview
 
Liver Disease
Liver    DiseaseLiver    Disease
Liver Disease
 
Approach to liver disease
Approach to liver diseaseApproach to liver disease
Approach to liver disease
 

Similar to Basic immunology

Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunologyCells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
mansidhingra05
 
Innate Immunity ppt..pptx
Innate Immunity ppt..pptxInnate Immunity ppt..pptx
Innate Immunity ppt..pptx
SherzadMajeed1
 
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptxINNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
JamesHelserMoola
 
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
julialoiko
 
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
julialoiko
 

Similar to Basic immunology (20)

Innate and adaptive immunity
Innate and adaptive immunityInnate and adaptive immunity
Innate and adaptive immunity
 
IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their actionIMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
 
Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunologyCells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
Cells of the Immune System 120722.pptx immunology
 
Innate Immunity ppt..pptx
Innate Immunity ppt..pptxInnate Immunity ppt..pptx
Innate Immunity ppt..pptx
 
Structure & Functions of immune system
Structure & Functions of immune systemStructure & Functions of immune system
Structure & Functions of immune system
 
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
 
Immunology innate immunity
Immunology innate immunityImmunology innate immunity
Immunology innate immunity
 
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptxINNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
 
Immunity in microbiology
 Immunity in microbiology  Immunity in microbiology
Immunity in microbiology
 
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
 
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
Phsi2005 notes (immune) 1
 
Immunochemistry
ImmunochemistryImmunochemistry
Immunochemistry
 
L2.0 Properties of Immune system.pptx
L2.0  Properties of Immune system.pptxL2.0  Properties of Immune system.pptx
L2.0 Properties of Immune system.pptx
 
7. Immunity (Microbiology)
7. Immunity (Microbiology)7. Immunity (Microbiology)
7. Immunity (Microbiology)
 
The immune system
The immune systemThe immune system
The immune system
 
ppt i.pdf
ppt i.pdfppt i.pdf
ppt i.pdf
 
Immunology NK cell.pptx
Immunology NK cell.pptxImmunology NK cell.pptx
Immunology NK cell.pptx
 
Immunology microbiology by nilesh sharma
Immunology microbiology by nilesh sharmaImmunology microbiology by nilesh sharma
Immunology microbiology by nilesh sharma
 
Innate-Immunity.pdf
Innate-Immunity.pdfInnate-Immunity.pdf
Innate-Immunity.pdf
 
Cancer immuntherapy.pptx
Cancer immuntherapy.pptxCancer immuntherapy.pptx
Cancer immuntherapy.pptx
 

More from Fadel Muhammad Garishah

Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitisMengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
Fadel Muhammad Garishah
 

More from Fadel Muhammad Garishah (16)

Pathobiology of dengue virus infection
Pathobiology of dengue virus infectionPathobiology of dengue virus infection
Pathobiology of dengue virus infection
 
Overview syok
Overview syokOverview syok
Overview syok
 
Hand foot mouth disease - flu singapur
Hand foot mouth disease - flu singapurHand foot mouth disease - flu singapur
Hand foot mouth disease - flu singapur
 
Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitisMengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
Mengurangi risiko kardiovaskuler pada pasien jantung dengan periodontitis
 
Penyebaran penyakit melalui tinja Koass IKM Jepara 2014
Penyebaran penyakit melalui tinja Koass IKM Jepara 2014Penyebaran penyakit melalui tinja Koass IKM Jepara 2014
Penyebaran penyakit melalui tinja Koass IKM Jepara 2014
 
Vaksinasi-Imunisasi Pediatri
Vaksinasi-Imunisasi PediatriVaksinasi-Imunisasi Pediatri
Vaksinasi-Imunisasi Pediatri
 
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitisAllergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis
 
Fever
FeverFever
Fever
 
Drug administration and pharmacology of phenobarbital
Drug administration and pharmacology of phenobarbitalDrug administration and pharmacology of phenobarbital
Drug administration and pharmacology of phenobarbital
 
Future of medical and biomedical field
Future of medical and biomedical fieldFuture of medical and biomedical field
Future of medical and biomedical field
 
1.1 oral candidiasis
1.1 oral candidiasis1.1 oral candidiasis
1.1 oral candidiasis
 
Antibiotics resistance lecture
Antibiotics resistance lectureAntibiotics resistance lecture
Antibiotics resistance lecture
 
Rb gene and cell cycle
Rb gene and cell cycleRb gene and cell cycle
Rb gene and cell cycle
 
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitisAllergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis
 
Pharmacology of asthmatic drugs
Pharmacology of asthmatic drugsPharmacology of asthmatic drugs
Pharmacology of asthmatic drugs
 
Liver and biliary tract pathology
Liver and biliary tract pathologyLiver and biliary tract pathology
Liver and biliary tract pathology
 

Recently uploaded

❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
Rashmi Entertainment
 
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
chanderprakash5506
 
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
amritaverma53
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call 8250092165 Patna Call Girls ₹4.5k Cash Payment With Room Delivery
Call 8250092165 Patna Call Girls ₹4.5k Cash Payment With Room DeliveryCall 8250092165 Patna Call Girls ₹4.5k Cash Payment With Room Delivery
Call 8250092165 Patna Call Girls ₹4.5k Cash Payment With Room Delivery
 
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030 } ❤️VVIP BHAWNA Call Girl in Jaipur Raj...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030 } ❤️VVIP BHAWNA Call Girl in Jaipur Raj...Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030 } ❤️VVIP BHAWNA Call Girl in Jaipur Raj...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030 } ❤️VVIP BHAWNA Call Girl in Jaipur Raj...
 
Call Girls Kathua Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kathua Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kathua Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kathua Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
7 steps How to prevent Thalassemia : Dr Sharda Jain & Vandana Gupta
7 steps How to prevent Thalassemia : Dr Sharda Jain & Vandana Gupta7 steps How to prevent Thalassemia : Dr Sharda Jain & Vandana Gupta
7 steps How to prevent Thalassemia : Dr Sharda Jain & Vandana Gupta
 
Indore Call Girls ❤️🍑7718850664❤️🍑 Call Girl service in Indore ☎️ Indore Call...
Indore Call Girls ❤️🍑7718850664❤️🍑 Call Girl service in Indore ☎️ Indore Call...Indore Call Girls ❤️🍑7718850664❤️🍑 Call Girl service in Indore ☎️ Indore Call...
Indore Call Girls ❤️🍑7718850664❤️🍑 Call Girl service in Indore ☎️ Indore Call...
 
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
 
Lucknow Call Girls Service { 9984666624 } ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Lucknow U...
Lucknow Call Girls Service { 9984666624 } ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Lucknow U...Lucknow Call Girls Service { 9984666624 } ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Lucknow U...
Lucknow Call Girls Service { 9984666624 } ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Lucknow U...
 
Bhopal❤CALL GIRL 9352988975 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Bhopal ESCORT SERVICE
Bhopal❤CALL GIRL 9352988975 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Bhopal ESCORT SERVICEBhopal❤CALL GIRL 9352988975 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Bhopal ESCORT SERVICE
Bhopal❤CALL GIRL 9352988975 ❤CALL GIRLS IN Bhopal ESCORT SERVICE
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
 
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their RegulationCardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
 
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉 8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉 8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉 8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉 8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
 
❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
❤️ Chandigarh Call Girls☎️98151-579OO☎️ Call Girl service in Chandigarh ☎️ Ch...
 
💞 Safe And Secure Call Girls Coimbatore🧿 6378878445 🧿 High Class Coimbatore C...
💞 Safe And Secure Call Girls Coimbatore🧿 6378878445 🧿 High Class Coimbatore C...💞 Safe And Secure Call Girls Coimbatore🧿 6378878445 🧿 High Class Coimbatore C...
💞 Safe And Secure Call Girls Coimbatore🧿 6378878445 🧿 High Class Coimbatore C...
 
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanismsCirculatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
 
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
Russian Call Girls In Pune 👉 Just CALL ME: 9352988975 ✅❤️💯low cost unlimited ...
 
Call Girls Bangalore - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 💯Call Us 🔝 6378878445 🔝 💃 ...
Call Girls Bangalore - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 💯Call Us 🔝 6378878445 🔝 💃 ...Call Girls Bangalore - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 💯Call Us 🔝 6378878445 🔝 💃 ...
Call Girls Bangalore - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 💯Call Us 🔝 6378878445 🔝 💃 ...
 
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
Call Girl in Chennai | Whatsapp No 📞 7427069034 📞 VIP Escorts Service Availab...
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
 
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
 

Basic immunology

  • 2. Immune System The cells and molecules responsible for immunity constitute the immune system, and their collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances is called the immune response.
  • 3. Innate Immunity • Innate immunity (also called natural or native immunity) consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place. • The principal components of innate immunity are – (1) physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial substances produced at epithelial surfaces; – (2) phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and NK (natural killer) cells; – (3) blood proteins, including members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation; and – (4) proteins called cytokines that regulate and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of innate immunity. • Innate immunity provides the early lines of defense against microbes and may not distinguish specifically differences between foreign substances.
  • 4. Adaptive Immunity • Because this form of immunity develops as a response to infection and adapts to the infection, it is called adaptive immunity. • Specific immunity. • Cellular Immunity (Macrophages, Antigen Presenting Cells, T lymphocytes) • Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes, Plasmocytes/Plasma Cells and Immunoglobulins)
  • 7. Innate Immunity Epithelial Barier Epithelia produce peptides that have a natural antibiotic function - Defensins - intraepithelial T lymphocytes and the B-1 subset of B cells, respectively, and these cells may recognize and respond to commonly encountered microbes.
  • 8. Innate Immunity Phagocytes Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited from the blood to sites of infection by binding to adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and by chemoattractants produced in response to the infection.
  • 9. Innate Immunity Natural Killer Cells A. NK cells kill host cells infected by intracellular microbes, thus eliminating reservoirs of infection. B. NK cells respond to IL-12 produced by macrophages and secrete IFN-γ, which activates the macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes. NK cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals that are generated from activating receptors and inhibitory receptors
  • 10. Complement System Innate Immunity The complement system consists of several plasma proteins that are activated by microbes and promote destruction of the microbes and inflammation.
  • 11. Other Circulating Effector Proteins of Innate Immunity • Mannose-binding lectin, is a plasma protein that functions as an opsonin. • C-reactive protein is a plasma protein that typically binds to bacterial phospholipids. It functions as an opsonin. • C-reactive protein is called an acute-phase reactant because its plasma levels increase during the acute stages of many infections. • Coagulation factors are plasma proteins that mainly function to prevent hemorrhage by forming a thrombus at sites where blood vessel integrity is broken.
  • 12. Cytokines of Innate Immunity • The cytokines of innate immunity recruit and activate leukocytes and produce systemic alterations, including increases in the synthesis of effector cells and proteins that potentiate antimicrobial responses.
  • 13. Role of Innate Immunity in Stimulating Adaptive Immune Responses A. Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to phagocytosed (cellassociated) microbes, to activate T lymphocytes B. B lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens by their antigen receptors and recognize complement system, to activate the B cells.
  • 14. Adaptive Immunity Cellular Immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes (also called T cells). Humoral immunity is mediated by molecules in the blood and mucosal secretions, called antibodies, that are produced by cells called B lymphocytes
  • 15. Active and passive immunity.
  • 16. Adaptive Immune Response • Specificity Ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses • Diversity Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens • Memory Leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens • Specialization Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes • Self-limitation Allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens • Nonreactivity to self Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens
  • 17. The principal cells of the immune system are lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and effector cells.
  • 18.
  • 19.