most common ophthalmic disorder seen in all over world. in India 2015 incidence of cataract patient was 62.6 % (9 million). so the awareness and the management is very important for this disease condition. i hope this presentation is very helpful to all the student and people to understanding the cataract refractive ophthalmic disease
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath. Symptoms include an increase in the number of floaters, flashes of light, and worsening of the outer part of the visual field
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath. Symptoms include an increase in the number of floaters, flashes of light, and worsening of the outer part of the visual field
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
Gross Anatomy & Physiology of Eye
Introduction to cataract
Epidemiology of cataract
The etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Types
Diagnostic measures
Surgical measures
Pre and post operative nursing management
Complications after surgery.
Summary
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage.
Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infection. Examples include: Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease.
Image result for T cell deficiency
T cell deficiency is a deficiency of T cells, caused by decreased function of individual T cells, it causes an immunodeficiency of cell-mediated immunity. T cells normal function is to help with the human body's immunity, they are one of the two primary types of lymphocytes
B-cell disorders account for approximately two-thirds of all genetic primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) and may result in decrease or dysfunction of one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin, leading to increased susceptibility to infection, particularly bacterial infections.
an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the body begins to shut down due to large amounts of blood loss. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn't stopped immediately. Common causes of hemorrhagic shock include: severe burns.
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted normally. Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem.
Image result for ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides. Hernias come in a number of types. Most commonly they involve the abdomen, specifically the groin. Groin hernias are most commonly of the inguinal type but may also be femoral.
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. Ciliary muscle
•Function:
• Constricts ciliary body
• Relaxes tension on lens
• Lens become spherical,
which increase the
refractive power
Ciliary process
•Attaches to the lenses by
suspensory ligament (zonular
fibers)
•Secrete the Aqueous humor
into the post. chamber
4. DEFINITION
• A cataract is a clouding or capacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or
in its envelope, varying in degree from slight
to capacity and obstructing the passage of
light.
• The term cataract is derived from the Greek
word cataractos, which describes rapidly
running water or falling water.
5.
6.
7. Epidemiology
1. Cataracts remain the
leading cause of blindness.
2. Age-related cataract is
responsible for 48% of
world blindness, which
represents about 18
million people.
3. Cataracts are also an
important cause of low
vision in both developed
and developing countries.
8. Causes of cataract
• Old age (commonest)>65 Year
• Ocular & systemic diseases
– DM
– Uveitis
– Previous ocular surgery
• Systemic medication
– Steroids
– Phenothiazines
• Trauma & intraocular foreign
bodies
• Ionizing radiation
– X-ray
– UV
• Congenital
– Part of a syndrome
– Abnormal galactose
metabolism
– Hypoglycemia
• Inherited abnormality
– Myotonic dystrophy
– Marfan’s syndrom
– Rubella
– High myopia
8
9. Any physical or chemical cause
↓
Disturbs the intracellular and extracellular equilbrium of water and
electrolytes
↓
Deranges the colloid system in lens fibres
↓
Aberrant fibres are formed from germinal epithelium of lens
↓
Epithelial cell necrosis
↓
Focal opacification of lens epithelium
(glaucomflecken)
↓
Opacification of lens
PATHOMECHANISM
10. Opacification of lens takeplace by 3 biochemical changes.
1. Hydration 2.Denaturation of 3.Slow
lens protein sclerosis
Abnormalities of lens proteins
&
Disorganisation of lens fibres
Loss of transparency of lens
Cataract
12. Cataract
Divided to :
• Acquired cataract
Age - related cataract
Metabolic cataract
Radiation or electric cataract
Traumatic cataract
Toxic cataract
Secondary cataract
16. Age -related cataract
It is the Most commonly occurred.
Classified according to:
Morphological Classification
•Capsular cataract
•Sub capsular cataract
•Cortical cataract
•Supra nuclear cataract
•Nuclear cataract
•Polar cataract
17. Nuclear cataract
• Most common typeMost common type
• Age-relatedAge-related
• Occur in theOccur in the centercenter ofof
the lens.the lens.
• It involves the nucleusIt involves the nucleus
of the crystalline lens.of the crystalline lens.
The nucleus becomesThe nucleus becomes
diffusely cloudy anddiffusely cloudy and
obstructs the light rays.obstructs the light rays.
18. Cortical cataract
• Occur on the outer edge of the lens (cortex).
• Begins as whitish, wedge-shaped opacities.
• The lens fibers of the cortex are mainly affected. There is
hydration due to accumulation of water droplets in between the
fibers and the protein are first denaturated and then are
coagulated forming opacity.
19.
20. Subcapsular cataract
•It involves superficial part of the cortex(just
below the capsule) and includes anterior sub
capsule or posterior sub capsule.
capsular cataract
• It involves the capsule and may be
anterior capsule or posterior capsule.
24. Mature Cataract
• Lens is completely opaque.
• Vision reduced to just perception of light
• Iris shadow is not seen
• Lens appears pearly white
Right eye mature cataract, with obvious
white opacity at the centre of pupil
26. Hypermature Cataract
• Shrunken and wrinkled anterior capsule due to leakage of water
out of the lense.
• This may take any of two forms:
1.Liquefactive/Morgagnian Type
2.Sclerotic Cataract
27. Liquefactive/Morgagnian Type
• Cortex undergoes auto-lytic liquefaction and turns uniformly
milky white.
• The nucleus loses support and settles to the bottom.
28. Sclerotic Cataract
• The fluid from the cortex gets absorbed
and the lens becomes shrunken.
• There may be deposition of calcific
material on the lens capsule.
• Iridodonesis: Anterior chamber
deepens and iris becomes tremulous.
• The zonules become weak, increasing
the risk of subluxation / dislocation of
lens.
29. SUBJECTIVE
CLASSIFICATION:
• GRADE 0: CLEAR LENS
• GRADE 1: SWOLLEN FIBRES AND SUB
CAPSULAR OPACITIES
• GRADE 2: NUCLEAR CATARACT AND
VISIBLE LENS FIBRES
• GRADE 3: STRONG NUCLEAR CATARACT
WITH PERINUCLEAR AREA OPACITY
• GRADE 4: TOTAL OPACITY
31. Clinical Manifestations
•Gradual painless
burning
•Loss of vision due to
lens opacity
•Increased glare in
bright light
•Decreased color
perception
•Decreased visual
acuity
•Poorvision at night
• Photophobia(lightPhotophobia(light
sensitivity)sensitivity)
• Blurred or distorted imagesBlurred or distorted images
• Light scatteringLight scattering
• Leukokoria or white pupilLeukokoria or white pupil
• Reduced light transmissionReduced light transmission
• Contrast sensitivity is alsoContrast sensitivity is also
lostlost
37. Treatment
• Glasses: Cataract alters the refractive power of the natural lens
so glasses may allow good vision to be maintained.
• Surgical removal: when visual acuity can't be improved with
glasses.
• Surgical techniques
–Phacoemulsification method.
–Extracapsular cataract extraction.
–Intra capsular cataract extraction.
–Intraocular lens implantation
–cryosurgery
38. Phacoemulsification in cataract surgery
involves insertion of a tiny, hollowed tip that
uses high frequency (ultrasonic) vibrations to
"break up" the eye's cloudy lens (cataract). The
same tip is used to suction out the lens
.
39.
40.
41. Intra-capsular Cataract Extraction
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction. From the late 1800s
until the 1970s, the technique of choice for cataract
extraction was intracapsular cataract extraction
(ICCE). The entire lens (ie, nucleus, cortex, and
capsule) is removed, and fine sutures close the
incision. ICCE is infrequently performed today;
however, it is indicated when there is a need to
remove the entire lens, such as with a subluxated
cataract (ie, partially or completely dislocated lens).
42. Extra-capsular Cataract Extraction
(ECCE)
• Extracapsular Surgery. Extracapsular cataract
extraction (ECCE) achieves the intactness of
smaller incisional wounds (less trauma to the
eye) and maintenance of the posterior capsule
of the lens, reducing postoperative
complications, particularly aphakic retinal
detachment and cystoid macular edema.
43. Postoperative care after cataract
surgery
• Steroid drops (inflammation)
• Antibiotic drops (infection)
• Avoid
• Very strenuous exertion (rise the pressure in the eyeball)
• Ocular trauma.
44. Complications of cataract surgery
• Infective endophthalmitis
– Rare but can cause permanent severe reduction of vision.
– Most cases within two weeks of surgery.
– Typically patients present with a short history of a
reduction in their vision and a red painful eye.
– This is an ophthalmic emergency.
– Low grade infection with pathogen such as
Propionibacterium species can lead patients to present
several weeks after initial surgery with a refractory uveitis
• Suprachoroidal haemorrhage.
– Severe intraoperative bleeding can
lead to serious and permanent
reduction in vision.
45. • Uveitis
• Ocular perforation.
• Postoperative refractive error
• Posterior capsular rupture and
• vitreous loss
47. Nursing diagnosis
• Anxiety related to lack of knowledge about
post operative care.
• Risk for infection related to surgical incision
and self care after surgery.
• Risk for injury related to sensory deficit while
operated eye is patched.