This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. A cataract is defined as an opacity in the lens of the eye that can develop due to degeneration of lens fibers. Cataracts have many causes including aging (senile cataract), trauma, metabolic disorders, radiation exposure, medications, and genetic conditions. The main types are congenital, age-related/senile, traumatic, and complicated cataracts. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing and slit lamp examination to assess density and location of the opacity. Treatment is typically surgical removal of the opaque lens via various extraction techniques.
Coats' disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina.
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
Coats' disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina.
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
Overview of Cataract for undergraduate MBBS students.
Covers the aetiology, clinical features, associations and management of cataract in detail.
Also includes salient points for PGMEE.
most common ophthalmic disorder seen in all over world. in India 2015 incidence of cataract patient was 62.6 % (9 million). so the awareness and the management is very important for this disease condition. i hope this presentation is very helpful to all the student and people to understanding the cataract refractive ophthalmic disease
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
Gross Anatomy & Physiology of Eye
Introduction to cataract
Epidemiology of cataract
The etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Types
Diagnostic measures
Surgical measures
Pre and post operative nursing management
Complications after surgery.
Summary
CONCEPT, MAGNITUDE & MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICAL & NON COMMUNICAL COMMON OCULAR CONDITIONs /DISORDERs SUCH AS TRACHOMA, CATARACT, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, VARIOUS CORNEAL INFECTIONs & CONJUNCTIVAL INFECTIONs
Superficial punctate keratitis by optometry fans site, definition of SPK, causes of superficial punctate keratitis, symptoms of superficial punctate keratitis, treatment of superficial punctate keratitis, management and treatment of SPK
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There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Normal lens structure
• The lens is a transparent, biconvex, crystalline
structure placed between iris and the vitreous
in a saucer shaped depression the patellar
fossa.
• It has got two surfaces: the anterior surface is
less convex than the posterior . These two
surfaces meet at the equator.
• Its refractive index is 1.39 and total power is
15-16 D
4. Cataract
• Definition :-
• The crystalline lens is a transparent structure.
Its transparency may be disturbed due to
degenerative process leading to opacification
of lens fibers.
• Development of an opacity in the lens is
known as cataract.
6. Etiology of ctaract
• I. Congenital and developmental cataract
• II. Acquired cataract
• 1. Senile cataract
• 2. Traumatic cataract
• 3. Complicated cataract
• 4. Metabolic cataract
• 5. Electric cataract
• 6. Radiation cataract
7. Etiology of ctaract
• 7. Toxic cataract e.g.,
i Corticosteroid-induced cataract
ii. Miotics-induced cataract
iii. Copper and iron
• 8. Cataract associated with skin diseases
• 9. Cataract associated with osseous diseases.
8. Etiology of ctaract
• 10. Cataract with miscellaneous syndromes
i. Dystrophica myotonica
ii. Down's syndrome.
iii. Lowe's syndrome
iv. Treacher - Collin's syndrome
12. Congenital and developmental
cataract
• 1. Anterior capsular cataracts are nonaxial,
stationary and visually insignificant.
• 2. Posterior capsular cataracts are rare and
can be
associated with persistent hyaloid artery
remnants
14. Etiology of congenital cataract
• I. Heredity.
• II. Maternal factors
• 1. Malnutrition
• 2. Infections
• 3. Drugs ingestion.
• 4. Radiation
• III. Foetal or infantile factors
• 1. Deficient oxygenation
• 2. Metabolic disorders
• 3. Cataracts associated with other congenital Anomalie
• 4. Birth trauma
• 5. Malnutrition
IV. Idiopathic
15. Management of congenital and
developmental
cataract
• 1. Ocular examination
• Density and morphology of cataract
• Assessment of visual function
• Associated ocular defects
• 2. Laboratory investigations
• Intrauterine infections
• Galactosemia
• Lowe's syndrome
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypocalcemia
16. Surgical procedures
• Childhood cataracts, (congenital,
developmental as well as acquired)
can be dealt with anterior
capsulotomy and irrigation aspiration
of the lens matter or lensectomy.
17. 1. Senile cataract
• Also called as ‘age-related cataract’, this is the
commonest type of acquired cataract affecting
equally persons of either sex usually above
the age of 50 years.
• By the age of 70 years, over 90% of the
individuals develop senile cataract.
• The condition is usually bilateral, but almost
always one eye is affected earlier than the
other.
19. Etiology of senile cataract
• Senile cataract is essentially an ageing process.
• Though its precise etiopathogenesis is not
clear,
20. Factors affecting age of onset, type
and
maturation of senile cataract.
• Heredity
• Ultraviolet ray
• Dietary factor
• Dehydration
• Smoking
21. Causes of presenile cataract.
• The term presenile cataract is used when the
cataractous changes similar to senile cataract
occur before 50 years of age.
• Heredity
• DM
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Atopic dermatitis
22. Clinical feature
• Symptomes
• Glare
• Uniocular polyopia
• Colour haloes
• Black spot
• Distorsion of vision
• Loss of vision
23. Clinical feature
• Sign :-
1. Visual acuity testing.
2. Oblique illumination examination.
3. Test for iris shadow
4. Distant direct ophthalmoscopic examination
5. Slit-lamp examination
29. Complication of cataract
• 1. Phacoanaphylactic uveitis
• 2. Lens-induced glaucoma
• 3. Subluxation or dislocation of lens.
30. METABOLIC CATARACTS
• These cataracts occur due to endocrine disorders
and biochemical abnormalities
• Diabetic cataract
• Galactosaemic cataract
• Hypocalcaemic cataract
• Cataract due to error of copper metabolism
• Cataract in Lowe's syndrome
Lowe’s syndrome is a rare inborn error of amino acid
metabolism
32. RADIATIONAL CATARACT
• Exposure to almost all types of radiant energy
is known to produce cataract by causing
damage to the lens epithelium
• 1. Infrared (heat) cataract
• 2. Irradiation cataract
• 3. Ultraviolet radiation cataract
33. ELECTRIC CATARACT
• It is known to occur after passage of powerful
electric current through the body. The cataract
usually starts as punctate subcapsular
opacities which mature rapidly. The source of
current can be a live electricity wire or a flash
of lightning
36. MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT IN
ADULTS
• Surgical management
• Preoperative evaluation
• I. General medical examination of the patient
• diabetes mellitus
• hypertension
• cardiac problems
• obstructive lung disorders
37. II. Ocular examination
• Light perception (PL).
• A test for Marcus-Gunn pupillary
• Projection of rays (PR).
• Two-light discrimination test
• Search for local source of infection
• Anterior segment evaluation by slit-lamp
• examination.
• Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement
40. Preoperative medications and
preparations
• 1. Topical antibiotics
• 2. Preparation of the eye to be operated
• 3. An informed and detailed consent
• 4. Scrub bath and care of hair.
• 5. To lower IOP
• 6. To sustain dilated pupil
44. Cataract surgery
• I. Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE)
• II. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE).
• Manual small incision cataract surgery
(SICS),
• Phacoemulsification
