Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. Acute kidney failure is also called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. It's common in people who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. Acute kidney failure is also called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. It's common in people who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Medical Surgical Nursing - I
UNIT: IV -Nursing Management of Patients With Disorder of Digestive System "Cirrhosis of liver"
the topic covers
- the stages, Pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of Cirrhosis of liver
- diagnostic evaluation and complication of Cirrhosis of liver
- medical, surgical and nursing management of patient with Cirrhosis of liver
Brief Information regarding the disorders of the genitourinary system. This presentation involves the disorders of the urinary system including Chronic Kidney Disease, Congenital problems related to the urinary system, and renal cancers.
Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease.pptxAman Kumar
Alcoholic liver disease, definition, etiology, pathogeneisis, clinical manifestations, pharmacological and non pharmacological treatments.
Useful for students of Diploma in pharmacy and B.Pharm.
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage.
Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infection. Examples include: Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease.
Image result for T cell deficiency
T cell deficiency is a deficiency of T cells, caused by decreased function of individual T cells, it causes an immunodeficiency of cell-mediated immunity. T cells normal function is to help with the human body's immunity, they are one of the two primary types of lymphocytes
B-cell disorders account for approximately two-thirds of all genetic primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) and may result in decrease or dysfunction of one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin, leading to increased susceptibility to infection, particularly bacterial infections.
an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the body begins to shut down due to large amounts of blood loss. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn't stopped immediately. Common causes of hemorrhagic shock include: severe burns.
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted normally. Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem.
Image result for ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides. Hernias come in a number of types. Most commonly they involve the abdomen, specifically the groin. Groin hernias are most commonly of the inguinal type but may also be femoral.
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in the worst 5% of cases) of the more desirable (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Introduction
• The liver is a large organ that sits in the right
upper abdomen, just under the right lung. It is one
of the body's most "intelligent" organs, in that it
performs so many different functions at the same
time. The liver makes proteins, eliminates waste
material from the body, produces cholesterol,
stores and releases glucose energy and
metabolizes many drugs used in medicine. It also
produces bile that flows through bile ducts into the
intestine where it helps to digest food.
• The liver receives blood from two different
sources, the heart and the intestine.
3.
4. Definition
• “ Cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease
of the liver characterized by extensive
degeneration and destruction of the liver
paranchymal cells”.
• Cirrhosis is a chronic degenerative disease
in which normal liver cells are damaged and
are then replaced by scar tissue.
5. Incidence
• The highest incidence occurs between the
ages of 40 and 60, and it is twice as
common in men as in women.
7. Causes
• Alcohol-related liver disease. Most people who consume
alcohol do not suffer damage to the liver. But heavy
alcohol use over several years can cause chronic injury to
the liver.
• Chronic Viral Hepatitis -- Type B and Type C hepatitis,
and perhaps other viruses, can infect and damage the
liver over a prolonged time and eventually cause
cirrhosis.
• Chronic Bile Duct Blockage -- This condition can occur
at birth (biliary atresia) or develop later in life (primary
biliary cirrhosis). The cause of the latter remains
unknown. When the bile ducts outside the liver become
narrowed and blocked, the condition is called primary
sclerosing cholangitis. This condition is often associated
with chronic ulceration of the colon (colitis).
8. Causes
• Abnormal Storage of Copper (Wilson's Disease)
or Iron (Hemochromatosis) -- These metals are
present in all body cells. When abnormal amounts
of them accumulate in the liver, scarring and
cirrhosis may develop.
• Drugs and Toxins -- Prolonged exposure to
certain chemicals or drugs can scar the liver.
• Autoimmune Hepatitis -- This chronic
inflammation occurs when the body's protective
antibodies fail to recognize the liver as its own
tissue. The antibodies injure the liver cells as
though they were a foreign protein or bacteria.
9. causes
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In
NAFLD, fat builds up in the liver and eventually
causes cirrhosis. This increasingly common liver
disease is associated with obesity, diabetes,
protein malnutrition, coronary artery disease, and
corticosteroid medications.
10. Pathophysiology
• Alcohol, drug and Infection
• Synthesis of fatty acid & triglycerides increase
• Formation & release of lipoproteins decreases
• Fat appear in the liver
• Liver cells enlarge of accumulation of lipids
• Enlarge liver cells rupture
11. Pathophysiology
• Fatty contents from ruptured liver cells form fatty
cysts.
• Cell between adjoining veins in the liver are linked
by developing fibrosis.
• Continued scarring & necrosis lead to the liver
shrinking.
• Liver function decrease or ceases.
12. Pathophysiology
• Obstructed flow of blood leads to increased
pressure in the portal vein (Portal Hypertension)
• Blood backs up in the liver & spleen.
• Veins in the abdomen, rectum & esophagus dilate.
• The congestion of blood in the liver leads to
decrease production of albumin.
• Decrease serum albumin levels allow more water
to move in to other body compartments.
13. Pathophysiology
• Renin & aldosterone production level increase,
leading to water and sodium retention.
• Ascites
14.
15.
16. Symptoms
• Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) due to the
accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Itching
• Easy bruising from decreased production of blood
clotting factors by the diseased liver.
• nausea
• vomiting
• weight loss
• abdominal pain and bloating when fluid
accumulates in the abdomen
17.
18. Diagnostic findings
• History Taking
• Physical Examination
• Blood tests - To check whether the liver is functioning
normally.
• Ultrasound, CT scan, or radioisotope scan - To look for
signs of cirrhosis within or on the surface of the liver.
• Laparoscope - A very tiny camera inserted through a small
slit in the abdomen to view the liver directly.
• Liver biopsy - Removing tissue from the liver and studying
it under a microscope to identify fibrosis and scarring.
Biopsy is the only way diagnosis can be 100% certain.
19. Treatment
• Aim of the treatment :-
1. preventing further damage to the liver,
2. treating the complications of cirrhosis, and
3. liver transplantation.
20. Preventing further damage to the liver
• Consume a balanced diet and one multivitamin
daily.
• Avoid drugs (including alcohol) that cause liver
damage.
• Avoid nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs, e.g., ibuprofen). Patients with cirrhosis
can experience worsening of liver and kidney
function with NSAIDs.
• Eradicate hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus by using
anti-viral medications. Not all patients with cirrhosis
due to chronic viral hepatitis are candidates for
drug treatment.
21. • Remove blood from patients with hemochromatosis
to reduce the levels of iron and prevent further
damage to the liver.
• Suppress the immune system with drugs such as
prednisone and azathioprine (Imuran) to
decrease inflammation of the liver in autoimmune
hepatitis.
• Immunize patients with cirrhosis against infection
with hepatitis A and B to prevent a serious
deterioration in liver function.
22.
23. Treating the complications of cirrhosis
1) Edema and ascites:-
• Retention of salt and water can lead to swelling of
the ankles and legs (edema) or abdomen (ascites)
in patients with cirrhosis.
• To restrict dietary salt (sodium) and fluid to
decrease edema and ascites.
• Diuretics are medications that work in the kidneys
to promote the elimination of salt and water into the
urine. A combination of the diuretics
spironolactone (Aldactone) and furosemide can
reduce or eliminate the edema and ascites in most
patients.
24.
25. 2) Bleeding from varices:-
• If large varices develop in the esophagus or upper
stomach, patients with cirrhosis are at risk for
serious bleeding due to rupture of these varices.
Once varices have bled, they tend to rebleed and
the probability that a patient will die from each
bleeding episode is high (30%-35%).
• Propranolol (Inderal), a beta blocker, is effective
in lowering pressure in the portal vein and is used
to prevent initial bleeding and rebleeding from
varices in patients with cirrhosis
• Octreotide (Sandostatin) also decreases portal
vein pressure and has been used to treat variceal
bleeding.
26.
27. • Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
(TIPS) is a non-surgical procedure to decrease the
pressure in the portal vein. TIPS is performed by a
radiologist who inserts a stent (tube) through a
neck vein, down the inferior vena cava and into the
hepatic vein within the liver. The stent then is
placed so that one end is in the high pressure
portal vein and the other end is in the low pressure
hepatic vein.
28. 3)Hepatic encephalopathy:-
• Patients with an abnormal sleep cycle, impaired thinking,
odd behavior, or other signs of hepatic encephalopathy
usually should be treated with a low protein diet and oral
lactulose.
• Dietary protein is restricted because it is a source of the
toxic compounds that cause hepatic encephalopathy.
• To be sure that adequate lactulose is present in the colon at
all times, the patient should adjust the dose to produce 2-3
semiformed bowel movements a day. (Lactulose is a
laxative, and the adequacy of treatment can be judged by
loosening or increasing frequency of stools.)
• If symptoms of encephalopathy persist, oral antibiotics such
as neomycin or metronidazole (Flagyl), can be added to
the treatment regimen.
29.
30. 4) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP):-
• Patients suspected of having spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis usually will undergo paracentesis. Fluid
that is removed is examined for white blood cells
and cultured for bacteria.
• Most patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
are hospitalized and treated with intravenous
antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamycin, and
one of the newer generation cephalosporin.
31. Liver transplantation
• Cirrhosis is irreversible. Many patients' liver function
will gradually worsen despite treatment and
complications of cirrhosis will increase and become
difficult to treat.
• Therefore, when cirrhosis is far advanced, liver
transplantation often is the only option for
treatment.
33. Nursing Diagnosis
1. Activity intolerance related to fatigue and malaise.
2. Imbalance nutrition less than body requirement related
to increase metabolic demand.
3. Impaired skin integrity related to pruritus from jaundice
and edema.
4. Chronic pain and discomfort related to enlarge tender
liver and Ascites.
5. Fluid volume excess related to ascites and edema
formation.
6. G.I Bleeding and hemorrhage related to portal
hypertension.
7. Knowledge deficit related to disease process and
treatment plan.
34. Study of Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis in Hospital Based Patients, Bijapur, Northern
Karnataka, India. A . M . Patil et.all
• This study related to the prevalence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis in relation to age, sex, rural
and urban area patients and also prevalence of ALC in literate and illiterate Patients.
Prevalence of morphological types of cirrhosis of liver and complications of alcoholic liver
cirrhosis. Material and Methods: The material for this study is obtained from in-patient and
out-patients attending the Al-Ameen Medical College and Hospital, Bijapur, Karnataka. A total
of 100 cases of Alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients studied over a period of three year of study
from January 2010 to January 2014. Results: The study includes 100 cases of Alcoholic liver
c cirrhosis (ALC). The sex wise distribution of prevalence of ALC cases was highest in males
i.e. 74 cases (74%), as compare to females, prevalence rate is 26 cases (26%). According to
age wise, prevalence of ALC it is highest in age group of 31-40 years i.e. 30 cases (30%)
and next highest in the age group 41-50 years i.e. 28 cases (28%). The prevalence of
Morphological types of cirrhosis in out of 100 cases. 42 cases (42.0%) are micro nodular
cirrhosis and 30 cases (30.0%) macro nodular and 28 cases (28.0%) mixed cirrhosis. The
Prevalence rate is high in the illiterate patients as compare to literate patients. In rural and
urban area wise, highest cases seen in rural area patients i.e., 62 cases (62%) as compared
to urban area patients i.e. 38 cases (38%) were observed in present study.