1. Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage that can lead to vision loss.
2. Risk factors include age, family history, diabetes, eye injuries or abnormalities.
3. Treatment involves lifelong use of eye drops or surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
A group of eye disorders, glaucoma is characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve.
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Glaucoma may occur as primary or congenital disease or secondary to other causes, such as injury, infection, surgery, or prolonged use of topical corticosteroids.
Primary glaucoma has mainly two forms :
1. Open angle glaucoma ( chronic, simple, or wide angle glaucoma)
2. Angle –closure glaucoma( Acute or narrow angle glaucoma)
Angle –closure glaucoma occurs suddenly and may cause permanent or irreversible vision loss in 48 to 72 hours.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
A group of eye disorders, glaucoma is characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve.
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Glaucoma may occur as primary or congenital disease or secondary to other causes, such as injury, infection, surgery, or prolonged use of topical corticosteroids.
Primary glaucoma has mainly two forms :
1. Open angle glaucoma ( chronic, simple, or wide angle glaucoma)
2. Angle –closure glaucoma( Acute or narrow angle glaucoma)
Angle –closure glaucoma occurs suddenly and may cause permanent or irreversible vision loss in 48 to 72 hours.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
Glaucoma slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete information about glaucoma eye disease contain detail of definition ,classification, types, pathophysiology, risk factor, causes, medical management ,nursing management, drug therapy, nursing process . for medical students, made by students of basic bsc nursing RIMS students
Glaucoma and dgharia of bgf vfcvf vf .pptxmekulecture
Under normal conditions, only approximately 1 mL of the 125 mL of glomerular filtrate that is formed each minute is excreted in the urine.
The other 124 mL is reabsorbed in the tubules.
This means that the average output of urine is approximately 60 mL/hour… approximately 1.5L urine per day.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
1. Mr. Manikandan.T,
RN., RM., M.Sc(N)., D.C.A .,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing,
VMCON, Puducherry.
GLAUCOMA
2. Definition
• It is not one disease but rather a group of
disorder characterized by
1. Increased IOP and the consequences of
elevated pressure,
2. Optic nerve atrophy
3. Peripheral visual field loss
3.
4.
5. Etiology
• It is related to the consequences of elevated
IOP.
• A proper balance between the rate of aqueous
production and rate of aqueous reabsorption
is essential to maintain the IOP normal limits.
• When the rate of inflow is greater than rate of
outflow, IOP can rise above the normal limits.
If IOP remains elevated, permanent vision loss
occurs.
6. Risk factors
• Age
• Race
• Family history of glaucoma
• Medical conditions- Diabetes mellitus,
Cardiovascular disease
• Physical injuries - Eye trauma
• Near sightedness
• Corticosteroids use
• Eye abnormalities
• • Thin cornea
7. Types
1. Open angle glaucoma: Usually bilateral, but one
eye may be more severely affected than the
other. The anterior chamber angle is open and
appears normal.
2. Angle closure glaucoma: Obstruction in aqueous
humor outflow due to the complete or partial
closure of the angle from the forward shift of the
peripheral iris to the trabecula. The obstruction
results in an increased IOP.
8.
9. Open-Angle Glaucoma
1)Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG):Optic
nerve damage, visual field defects, IOP >21
mm Hg. May have fluctuating IOPs. Usually no
symptoms but possible ocular pain, headache,
and halos.
2)Normal tension glaucoma: IOP </- 21 mm Hg.
Optic nerve damage, visual field defects.
3)Ocular hypertension: Elevated IOP. Possible
ocular pain or headache.
10. Angle closure glaucoma
(Pupillary Block)
• Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG): Rapidly progressive
visual impairment, periocular pain, conjunctival hyperemia,
and congestion. Pain may be associated with nausea,
vomiting, bradycardia, and profuse sweating. Reduced central
visual acuity, severely elevated IOP, corneal edema. Pupil is
vertically oval,fixed in a semidilated position, and unreactive
to light and accommodation.
• Subacute angle-closure glaucoma: Transient blurring of
vision, halos around lights; temporal headaches and/or ocular
pain; pupil may be semidilated.
• Chronic angle-closure glaucoma: Progression of
glaucomatous cupping and significant visual field loss; IOP
may be normal or elevated; ocular pain and headache.
11. Clinical manifestation
• chronic open-angle glaucoma :
1. Loss of peripheral vision due to compression
of retinal rods and nerve fibers .
2. Halos around lights as a result of corneal
edema.
3. Mild aching in the eyes caused by increased
IOP
4. Reduced visual acuity, especially at night, not
correctable with glasses.
12. C/M
acute angle-closure glaucoma
1. Inflammation, Red, painful eye caused by an abrupt elevation of
IOP.
2. Sensation of pressure over the eye due to increased IOP.
3. Moderate papillary dilation nonreactive to light.
4. Cloudy cornea due to compression of intraocular components
5. Blurring and decreased visual acuity due to aberrant neural
conduction.
6. Photophobia due to abnormal intraoccular pressures.
7. Halos around lights due to corneal edema.
8. Nausea and vomiting caused by increased IOP.
13. Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection.
• Physical examination.
• Visual acuity examination .
• Tonometry .
• Ophthalmoscopy.
• Slit lamp microscopy.
• Gonioscopy – it is performed with the head positioned in the slit
lamp (the special microscope used to look at the eyes). After
numbing the eye with drops, a special contact lens is placed directly
on the eye and a beam of light is used to illuminate the angle. ...
Examination of both eyes typically takes a few minutes
• Visual field perimetry .
• Fundus photography.
14. Management
• Lifelong therapy is almost always necessary because glaucoma
cannot be cured.
Drug therapy:
1. Beta blockers - timolol
2. Alpha adrenergic agonist- brimonidine
3. Cholinergic agents – pilocarpine – increases A.Q outflow
4. Carbonic anhydrase- acetazolamide
5. Adrenergic aganost - Epinephrine, to reduce I0P by improving
aqueous outflow
6. Prostaglandins - latanoprost, to reduce intraocular pressure.
15. Cont.,
Treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ocular
emergency requiring immediate intervention to reduce high IOP
including:
1. I.V. mannitol (20%) or oral glycerin (50%), to reduce IOP by
creating an osmotic pressure gradient between the blood and
intraocular fluid
2. Steroid drops- to reduce inflammation
3. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, to reduce IOP by
decreasing the formation and secretion of aqueous humor
4. Pilocarpine - to constrict the pupil, forcing the iris away from the
trabeculae and allowing fluid to escape
5. timolol, a beta-blocker - to decrease IOP.
6. Narcotic analgesics, to reduce pain if necessary.
16. Surgical therapy
• Argon laser trabecuoplasty : laser burns are applied to the inner
surface of the trabecular meshwork to open the intratrabecular
spaces and widen the canal of Schlemm, thereby promoting
outflow of aqueous humor and decreasing IOP.
• laser iridotomy : for pupillary block glaucoma, an opening is
made in the iris to eliminate the pupillary block.
17. Filtering procedures- Trabeculectomy
• Trabeculectomy is the standard filtering technique used to remove part of
the trabecular meshwork. Surgeon used to create an opening or fistula in
the trabecular meshwork to drain aqueous humor from the anterior
chamber to the subconjunctival space into a bleb (fluid collection on the
outside of the eye), thereby bypassing the usual drainage structures. This
allows the aqueous humor to flow and exit by different routes (ie,
absorption by the conjunctival vessels or mixing with tears).
18. Drainage implants or shunts
• Drainage implants or shunts are open tubes implanted in the
anterior chamber to shunt aqueous humor to the episcleral
plate in the conjunctival space.
• These implants are used when failure has occurred with one
or more trabeculectomies in which antifibrotic agents were
used. A fibrous capsule develops around the episcleral plate
and filters the aqueous humor, thereby regulating the outflow
and controlling IOP.
19. Trabectome
• trabectome surgery stabilizes the optic nerve
and minimizes further visual field damage.
The surgery is performed through a small
incision and does not require creation of a
permanent hole in the eye wall or an external
filtering bleb or an implant.
20. Glaucoma complication
Blindness
• Nursing intervention
1. Encourage patient compliance by teaching the
patient about medications, as ordered, to dilate
the pupil and protect the affected eye .
2. Administer pain medication as ordered .
3. Encourage the patient to be ambulatory
immediately after surgery.
• Nursing process:
• The patient with Glaucoma.
21. Nursing Assessment
• The patient should be assessed for loss of
both central and peripheral vision, discomfort,
understanding of disease and compliance with
treatment regimen, and ability to conduct
activities of daily living.
22. Nursing Diagnosis.
• Nursing diagnoses may include the following:
• Acute pain related to increased intraocular pressure .
• Disturbed sensory perception: visual related to altered
sensory reception.
• Self-care deficit related to decreased vision.
• Anxiety related to partial or total visual loss.
• Risk for injury related to decreased vision.
• Impaired home maintenance related to decreased vision.
• Deficient knowledge related to medical regimen, disease
process due to no prior experience.
23. Nursing planning
• Planning for nursing interventions needs to take
into account the patient’s level of understanding
of disease process and medical regimen and
ability to comply with the time-consuming
medication regimen.
• The goal of nursing care for the glaucoma patient
is to prevent further visual loss and to promote
comfort if the patient is experiencing pain as in
acute glaucoma.
• The patient who needs surgical intervention has
additional goals.
24. Nursing Intervention
• The patient is taught how to administer medications and performs a
return demonstration to ensure that eye drops are administered
properly.
• If the patient has trouble with a steady hand when administering
eye drops, teach the patient to rest his or her hand on the forehead
to steady the hand.
• If the patient is unable to see the label on the eye drop bottle,
consider large-print labels or audiotaped directions.
• For patients with multiple medications, consider using large,
multicolored dot stickers placed on medication bottle with a
corresponding direction card with a matching colored dot.
• Patients are taught the need for having regular eye examinations
through dilated pupils.
25. Evaluation
Patient goals are met if the patient does the following:
Maintains an acceptable level of comfort
1. Has no further loss of vision
2. Is able to care for self with assistance if needed
3. Expresses concerns and anxieties
4. Does not suffer injury as a result of the visual impairment
5. Is able to manage home maintenance with assistance if
needed
6. Demonstrates correct instillation of eye medications
7. Is able to verbalize understanding of condition and
treatment.