CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in the worst 5% of cases) of the more desirable (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
CPR is a life saving technique useful in many emergencies in which someone breathing or heart beat has stopped.
Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
A presentation used to train medical professionals to perform BLS in emergency condition. it will provide a better understanding about the steps of BLS and the order in which it should be perfomed.
In this presentation i have tried to explain in brief about CPR, how and when it has to be done and the important things to be kept in mind while doing it. This ppt is very helpful for every individual who is looking for the info regarding CPR.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in the worst 5% of cases) of the more desirable (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
CPR is a life saving technique useful in many emergencies in which someone breathing or heart beat has stopped.
Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
A presentation used to train medical professionals to perform BLS in emergency condition. it will provide a better understanding about the steps of BLS and the order in which it should be perfomed.
In this presentation i have tried to explain in brief about CPR, how and when it has to be done and the important things to be kept in mind while doing it. This ppt is very helpful for every individual who is looking for the info regarding CPR.
Basic Life support is a life saving procedure done to increase the survival of a patient suffering from any life threatening conditions like cardiac arrest, choking etc. this ppt includes BLS for children and how we can save the during cardio-respiratory arrest, choking etc.
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway. It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.
CPR is a process of oxygenating heart, lung through external cardiac massage and artificial respiration until the definite medical treatment can restore the normal functioning of heart, lung and brain.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
• INTRODUCTION
• Heart disease is the number 1 killer in the United States.
Each year, almost 330,000 Americans die from heart disease.
Half of these will die suddenly, outside of the hospital,
because their heart stops beating. One way of buying time
until a defibrillator becomes available is to provide artificial
breathing and circulation by performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation, or CPR.
3. DEFINITION
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of rescue
breathing and chest compressions delivered to victims thought to be
in cardiac arrest. When cardiac arrest occurs, the heart stops
pumping blood. CPR can support a small amount of blood flow to the
heart and brain to “buy time” until normal heart function is restored.
4. COMPONENTS
• External cardiac massage
• Artificial ventilation by either mouth to mouth, bag to
mouth or by artificial airway.
• Management of foreign body airway obstruction
5. PURPOSES
• To maintain an open and clear airway.
• To maintain breathing by artificial ventilation.
• To maintain blood circulation by external cardiac massage.
• To save life of the patient.
• To provide basic life support till medical and advanced life support
arrives.
6. INDICATIONS
1. Cardiac arrest
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Ventricular tachycardia
• A systole
• Pulse less electrical activity
7. 2. Respiratory arrest
• Drowning
• Stroke
• Foreign body airway obstruction
• Smoke inhalation
• Drug overdose
• Electrocution/injury by lightening
• Suffocation
• Accident or injury
• Coma
8. THE CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
• Early access
• Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Early defibrillation
• Early advanced care
9. PRINCIPLES
• To restore effective circulation and ventilation
• To prevent irreversible cerebral damage due to anoxia.
10. PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT AND ENVIRONMENT
• No time should lost in explaining the procedure.
• Place a hard board under the patient.
• Remove the cloths from the patient’s chest.
• Remove the pillows.
• Tight clothing should be removed.
• Ensure fresh air in the room by opening windows and doors.
• External cardiac massage must be started within 4-6 minutes following cardiac
arrest, otherwise irreversible brain damage will occur as a result of O2
deprivation.
11. • CPR – the basic steps
CPR is most successful when administered as quickly as possible. It
should only be performed when a person shows no signs of life; that is,
when they are:
• Unconscious
• Unresponsive
• Not breathing normally
• Not moving.
12. Look for a response – is the victim
conscious? Tap or gently shake the
patient and ask ‘are you ok’. If there
is no response, get help.
3. Check the airway – don’t move the
person. Tilt their head back, open their
mouth and look inside. If fluid and foreign
matter is present, gently roll them onto
their side. Tilt their head back, open their
mouth and remove any foreign matter (for
example, chewing gum, false teeth, vomit).
13. 4. Check breathing – look, listen and feel for signs of breathing. If the
person is breathing, roll them onto their side. If they are not breathing, go to
step 6.
5. Use mouth-to-mouth – if the person is not breathing normally, make sure they
are lying on their back and:
Open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting their chin.
Close their nostrils with your finger and thumb.
Put your mouth over the person’s and blow into their mouth.
Give 2 full breaths to the person (this is called ‘rescue breathing’).
Make sure there is no air leak and the chest is rising and falling. If their chest does
not rise and fall, check that you’re pinching their nostrils tightly and sealing your
mouth to theirs. If still no luck, check their airway again for any obstruction.
14. 6. Cardiac compressions – start chest compressions:
Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the person’s
breastbone.
Place the other hand on top of the first hand and interlock your
fingers.
Press down firmly and smoothly (compressing to 1/3 of chest
depth) 30 times.
Administer 2 breaths.
The ratio of 30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths is the
same, whether CPR is being performed alone or with the
assistance of a second person.
Aim for a compression rate of 100 per minute.
15. 7. Maintain CPR – continue,
repeating the cycle of 30
compressions then 2 breaths.
Keep going until professional
help arrives. This can be tiring
– ask if anyone else knows
CPR and can help you.
16.
17. CPR techniques for young children and infants
CPR steps for children aged eight years or younger are
the same as for adults and older children, but the
technique is slightly different.
Child aged 1–8 years
•Use the heel of one hand only for compressions,
compressing to 1/3 of chest depth.
•Follow the basic steps for performing CPR described
above.
18. Infants (up to 12 months of age)
•Place infant on their back. Do not tilt their head back
or lift their chin (this is not necessary as their heads
are still large in comparison to their bodies).
•Perform mouth-to-mouth by covering the infant’s nose
and mouth with your mouth – remember to use only a
small breath.
•Do chest compressions, using two fingers of one hand,
to about 1/3 of chest depth.
•Follow the basic steps for performing CPR described
above.
19. What to do if the person recovers during CPR
• CPR may revive the person before the ambulance arrives.
• Review the person’s condition if signs of life return (coughing, movement or
normal breathing). If the person is breathing on their own, stop CPR and
place them on their side with their head tilted back.
• If the person is not breathing, continue full CPR until the ambulance arrives.
• Be ready to recommence CPR if the person stops breathing or becomes
unresponsive or unconscious again. Stay by their side until medical help
arrives. Talk reassuringly to them if they are conscious.
• It is important not to interrupt chest compressions or stop CPR prematurely
to check for signs of life – if in doubt, continue full CPR until help arrives. It
is unlikely you will do harm if you give chest compressions to someone with
a beating heart. Regular recovery (pulse) checks are not recommended as
they may interrupt chest compressions and delay resuscitation.
20. Stopping CPR
Generally, CPR is stopped for one of the following reasons:
• The person revives and starts breathing again on their own.
• Medical help, such as ambulance paramedics, arrive to take over.
• The person performing the CPR is forced to stop from physical
exhaustion
21. • POST RESUSCITATION MEASURES
• Continuous monitoring of the client for 48-72 hours.
• Check temperature every hourly.
• Administer oxygen for 48 hours.
• Arterial blood gas analysis to be done.
• Chest X-ray to rule out if any rib fracture.
• Foley’s catheterization to measure urine output.
• Administer IV fluids.
• Record the procedure in the nurses record with date and time.
a)time the victim was discovered.
b)type of arrest
c)any complications developed during resuscitation.
d)time at which spontaneous respiration and pulse returned.
e)time at which CPR started and discontinued.
• Vital signs when the resuscitation team left the patient.
23. RELIEF OF CHOCKING
Signs of mild airway obstruction
• Good air exchange
• Responsive and can cough forcefully
• May wheeze between coughs
24. Signs of severe airway obstruction
• Poor or no air exchange
• Weak, ineffective cough or no cough
• Increased respiratory difficulty
• Cyanosis
• Unable to speak
• Universal chocking sign
25. Rescuer action
• -In mild airway obstruction do not interfere with the victim’s own
attempt to expel the foreign body.
• -In severe airway obstruction, activate the emergency response
system.
• -Use Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrust) to remove the foreign
body.
• -Use chest thrust instead of an abdominal thrust in a pregnant victim.
• -If the patient become unresponsive follow the steps of CPR.
26. CONCLUSION
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an immediate therapy that may be
initiated for cardio respiratory failure. Evidence that an individual is
breathless and pulseless is sufficient to warrant immediate
resuscitation efforts. Knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
enhances the safety of both rescuer and rescue.
27. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• 1.American heart association, basic life support and advanced cardiac
life support for health care providers. 2006. P. 1-80.
• 2.Trained nurses association of India. Fundamentals of nursing, a
procedure manual. 1st ed. New delhi; 2007. P. 477-88.
• 3.Sandra MN. Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Lippincott:
Philadelphia; 2001. P. 1065-67.
• 4. www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4479
• 5. www.mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-cpr/FA00061