Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method to measure blood oxygen saturation levels and heart rate. A pulse oximeter uses light absorption characteristics of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to measure oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Readings between 95-100% are considered normal. While convenient, pulse oximetry has limitations and may provide inaccurate results in conditions like poor perfusion, dyshemoglobinemia, or arrhythmias. Nursing responsibilities include applying the sensor properly, documenting readings, and troubleshooting inaccurate results.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in the worst 5% of cases) of the more desirable (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in the worst 5% of cases) of the more desirable (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
This Ppt about Infusion pump explains in detail about - Definition, Principle, Uses, and types of an Infusion pump - Syringe pump and Volumetric Pump. working and maintenance of different types of pumps. Helpful for student nurses posted in intensive care units and those caring for very sick patients and babies. This Ppt is helpful in learning the maintenance of the various types of Infusion pumps available.
A cardiac event monitor is a device that you control to record the electrical activity of your heart (ECG). This device is about the size of a pager. It records your heart rate and rhythm. Cardiac event monitors are used when you need long-term monitoring of symptoms that occur less than daily
The CVP catheter is an important tool used to assess right ventricular function and systemic fluid status. Normal CVP is 2-6 mm Hg. CVP is elevated by : overhydration which increases venous return.
The must to know facts about ventilator. Indeed a detailed information can be gathered from the presentation. This presentation includes definition, history, terminology, need of ventilation,indication, types, complications, etc.
This Ppt about Infusion pump explains in detail about - Definition, Principle, Uses, and types of an Infusion pump - Syringe pump and Volumetric Pump. working and maintenance of different types of pumps. Helpful for student nurses posted in intensive care units and those caring for very sick patients and babies. This Ppt is helpful in learning the maintenance of the various types of Infusion pumps available.
A cardiac event monitor is a device that you control to record the electrical activity of your heart (ECG). This device is about the size of a pager. It records your heart rate and rhythm. Cardiac event monitors are used when you need long-term monitoring of symptoms that occur less than daily
The CVP catheter is an important tool used to assess right ventricular function and systemic fluid status. Normal CVP is 2-6 mm Hg. CVP is elevated by : overhydration which increases venous return.
The must to know facts about ventilator. Indeed a detailed information can be gathered from the presentation. This presentation includes definition, history, terminology, need of ventilation,indication, types, complications, etc.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. DEFINITION
IT IS A NON INVASIVE DEVICE USED TO MEASURE
BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS AND CAN ALSO DISPLAY
HEART RATE.
A PULSE OXIMETER IS A MEDICAL DEVICE THAT
INDIRECTLY MONITORS THE OXYGEN SATURATION
OF A PATIENT'S BLOOD
3. PURPOSES OF PULSE OXYMETRY:
PULSE OXYMETERS MEASURE THE ARTERIAL
OXYGEN SATURATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN.
TO RELIEVE CYANOSIS BY DETECTING HYPOXIA
AND SEVEOUR RESPIRATORY FAILURE.
PULSE OXIMETERS MEASURE:
1. THE OXYGEN SATURATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN
ARTERIAL BLOOD
2. THE PULSE RATE - IN BEATS
PER MINUTE
4. FUNCTIONS
Q IT IS A SAFE AND SIMPLE METHOD OF ASSESSING
OXYGENATION.
Q IT IS NONINVASIVE.
Q ACCEPTABLE NORMAL RANGES ARE FROM 95 TO
100 PERCENT.
Q CONVENIENT ANDMEASUREMENT CAN BE
CONTINOUS.
5.
6. OXIMETERS CONSIST OF
KPERIPHERAL PROBE
KA MICROPROCESSOR UNIT DISPLAYS A WAVEFORM, THE
OXYGEN SATURATION AND THE PULSE RATE.
☺RED AND INFRARED LIGHT EMITERS DETECTOR
KMOST OXIMETERS ALSO HAVE AN AUDIBLE PULSE TONE,
7. PRINCIPLES OF PULSE OXIMETRY TECHNOLOGY
AIT IS BASED ON THE RED AND INFRARED LIGHT
ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF OXYGENATED
AND DEOXYGENATED HEMOGLOBIN.
ARED LIGHT IS IN THE 600-750 NM WAVELENGTH
LIGHT BAND. INFRARED LIGHT IS IN THE 850-1000 NM
WAVELENGTH LIGHT BAND.
8. PULSE OXIMETRY WORKS BY PLACING A PULSATING
ARTERIOLAR VASCULAR BED BETWEEN A DUAL LIGHT
(RED AND INFRARED) SOURCE AND A
PHOTODETECTOR.
THE PHOTODETECTOR RECORDS THE RELATIVE
AMOUNT OF EACH COLOR ABSORBED BY ARTERIAL
BLOOD AND TRANSMITS THE DATA TO A MONITOR,
WHICH DISPLAYS THE INFORMATION WITH EACH
HEARTBEAT.
9. •IF BLOOD IS RICH IN OXYGEN, THEN IT EASILY
ABSORBS THE INFRARED LIGHT AND ALLOWS IT TO
PASS.
•A HEALTHY PERSON HAS SATURATION LEVEL
RANGING FROM 95 TO 99 PERCENT.
10. GENERALLY MEASURED ON:
VARIOUS SITES LIKE
THE FINGER
TOE
PINNA (TOP) OR LOBE OF THE EAR
INFANTS - THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE,FOOT OR
PALM OF THE HAND, THE BIG TOE OR THE THUMB.
11.
12. ADVANTAGES
A PULSE OXIMETER IS USEFUL IN ANY SETTING
WHERE A PATIENT'S OXYGENATION IS UNSTABLE:
a INCLUDING INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (SICU, CTICU,
PICU, NICU.
a OPERATION THEATRE AND RECOVERY ROOMS.
a EMERGENCY OR CAUSALITY.
HOSPITAL WARD SETTINGS
AND DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEED
FOR SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
13. 1) OXIMETRY IS NOT A COMPLETE MEASURE OF
RESPIRATORY SUFFICIENCY.
A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM HYPOVENTILATION
(POOR GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS) GIVEN 100%
OXYGEN CAN HAVE EXCELLENT BLOOD OXYGEN
LEVELS WHILE STILL SUFFERING FROM RESPIRATORY
ACIDOSIS DUE TO EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE.
LIMITATIONS
14. 2) IT IS ALSO NOT A COMPLETE MEASURE OF
CIRCULATORY SUFFICIENCY
IF THERE IS INSUFFICIENT BLOODFLOW OR
INSUFFICIENT HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD
(ANEMIA), TISSUES CAN SUFFER HYPOXIA DESPITE
HIGH OXYGEN SATURATION IN THE BLOOD THAT
DOES ARRIVE
15. 3) A HIGHER LEVEL OF METHEMOGLOBIN WILL TEND
TO CAUSE A PULSE OXIMETER TO READ CLOSER TO
85% REGARDLESS OF THE TRUE LEVEL OF OXYGEN
SATURATION.
4) IT WILL NOT SHOW THE PCO2 AND ACID BASE
STATUS.
5) IT WILL NOT PROVIDE AN ABSOLUTE INDICATOR
OF HYPEROXIA.
16. INACCURATE RESULTS IN FOLLOWING CONDITIONS
EPOOR PERFUSION (PROCESS OF NUTRITIVE
DELIVERY OF ARTERIAL BLOOD TO A CAPILLARY BED
IN THE BIOLOGICAL TISSUE).
EDYSHAEMOGLOBIN
(OR)CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN Is a stable complex of
carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red
blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled or
produced in normal metabolism.
17. EHYPER OXYGENATION
EARRHYTHMIA : it is An arrhythmia is a
disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart
rhythm, such as beating too fast (tachycardia),
too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.
EEXCESSIVE AMBIENT LIGHT
18. A PULSE OXIMETER GIVES NO INFORMATION ON
ANY OF THESE OTHER VARIABLES
d THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD.
d THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN DISSOLVED IN THE BLOOD.
d THE RESPIRATORY RATE OR TIDAL VOLUME I.E.
VENTILATION.
d THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OR BLOOD PRESSURE.
19. THE BLOOD FLOW IS NORMALLY SHOWN AS A
WAREFORM USING A BAR OR GRAPH. IT CAN
PROVIDE USEFUL INFORMATION REGARDING THE
HEART CONDITION.
20. PROVIDE THE PATIENT WITH A SIMPLE EXPLANATION
OF PULSE OXIMETRY AND ITS VALUE.
SELECT APPROPRIATE SENSOR PROBE FOR PATIENT’S AGE,
WEIGHT, CONDITION, DURATION OF PULSE OXIMETRY
MONITORING, AS WELL AS THE USE OF BP CUFF, ARTERIAL
CATHETER AND/OR PERIPHERAL I.V. LINE.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
21. REMOVE ANY NAIL POLISH FROM ANY DIGITS
WHICH WILL HAVE A SENSOR APPLIED AS IT
INTERFERES WITH LIGHT TRANSMISSION
IF IT SHOWS WRONG READING CHECK PATIENT’S BP
AND VITAL SIGNS FIRST – IF THEY ARE ACCEPTABLE
FOR PATIENT, THEN CHECK FOR THE FOLLOWING.
Bad Connection
Inadequate or Intermittent Blood Flow to Site
Equipment Malfunctions
22. AFTER USE:
REMOVE SENSOR FROM MONITORING SITE.
WASH SITE OFF WITH SOAP AND WATER.
(DO NOT USE ALCOHOL).
DOCUMENTATION:
DOCUMENT PULSE OXIMETER READINGS (SAO2), SENSOR
PLACEMENT AND ALARM SETTINGS (CONTINUOUS MODE) ON
PATIENT CARE RECORD OR FLOWSHEET.
