Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
This presentation is on topic "Understanding of Disaster: Concept of Disaster and Risk" , which is based of open elective subject "Disaster Management " in RTU. In which I covered following topics:
*Concept of disaster
*Related terms
Disaster happened in year 2012
Disaster Management Cycle
Difference between Mitigation and preparedness
Disaster management approach
Climate Change Adaptation and DRR
Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
This presentation covered Diversion head work topic. Details topics selection of the suitable site for the
diversion headwork- different parts of
diversion headwork- Causes of failure of
structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s
theory- Design of concrete sloping glacis weir covered.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
ML for identifying fraud using open blockchain data.pptx
Building foundation
1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
BUILDING MATERIALS
& CONSTRUCTIONS
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BUILDING
FOUNDATIONS
DIVYA VISHNOI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
2. • Types of foundation
• Foundations may be broadly classified as
• (a) shallow Foundation
• (b) Deep foundation
• (a) Shallow Foundation: According to Terzaghi, a
foundation is shallow if its depth is equal to or less
than its width.
• Types of shallow foundation:
• Spread footing
• Combined footing
• Strap Footing
• Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation
3. • Spread Footing:-Spread footings are those which spread the
super-imposed load of wall or column over larger area. Spread
footing support either column or wall.
• It may be following kinds
• Single footing for column: In which the loaded area of column
has been spread to the large size through single spread. The
base is generally made of concrete.
• Stepped footing for column: This type of footing provided for
heavily loaded column which required greater spread with
steps. The base is generally made of concrete.
• Sloped footing for column: In this type of footing concrete
base does not have uniform thickness but is made sloped.
• Wall footing without step: It consist of concrete base without
any steps including masonry wall.
• Stepped footing for wall: It consist of masonry wall have
stepped footing with concrete base .
4.
5. • Grillage Foundation
• It is special type of isolated footing generally provided
for heavily loaded steel column and used in those
location where bearing capacity of soil is poor.
• The depth of such foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5 m.
• The load of steel column is distributed over very large
area by means of two or more tiers of steel joints.
• Each layer being laid at right angle to the layer below it.
6.
7. Combined Footing:
• A spread footing which supports two or more columns is termed as
combined footing.
• The combined footing may be of following kinds.
• Rectangular combined footing: The combined footings will be provide
in rectangular in shape if columns carry equal loads. The design of
rectangular combined footing should be done in such way that centre of
gravity of column coincide with centroid of footing area.
• Trapezoidal combined footing: If columns carry unequal loads the
footing is of trapezoidal shape are provided.
• Combined column-wall footing: It may be required to provide a
combined footing for column and wall. Such combined footing are
shown in fig.
8.
9.
10. Strap Footing:
• If a Independent footing of two columns are connected by a beam, it is
called a strap footing.
• A strap footing may be used where the distance between the column is
so great that trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow.
• The strap does not remain in contact with soil and does not transfer
any pressure to the soil.
11.
12. Raft foundation:
• A raft Foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and support all the wall and column.
• They are used in areas where the soil masses contains compressible
lenses or the soil is sufficiently erratic so that differential settlement
would be difficult to control.
• Raft foundation may be divided in to three types based on their
design and construction.
• Solid slab system
• Beam slab system
• Cellular system
• All the three types are basically the same, consisting of a large,
generally unbroken area of slab covering the whole or large part of
structure.
13.
14.
15. • Deep foundation
• Deep foundation are those in which the depth of foundation is very large in
comparison to its width.
• Deep foundation may be of following types
• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
• Caissons or Well foundation
• Pile Foundation
• Pile Foundation is that type of foundation in which the loads are taken to a
low level by means of vertical members which may be timber, concrete or
steel.
• Pile foundation may be adopted when no firm bearing strata is available and
the loading is uneven.
• Piles may be of following types
• End bearing piles
• Friction Pile
• Compaction pile
16. • End bearing piles: This types of piles are used to
transfer load through water or soft soil to a
suitable bearing stratum.
• Friction Pile: Friction piles are used to transfer
loads to a depth of friction load carrying material
by means of skin friction along the length of piles.
• Compaction pile: Compaction piles are used to
compact loose granular soils, thus increasing their
bearing capacity.
17.
18. • Pier foundation:
• A Pier foundation consist of cylindrical
column of large diameter to support and
transfer large superimposed load to the firm
strata below.
• Generally, pier foundation is shallow in depth
than the pile foundation.
19.
20. • Well Foundation:
• Well Foundation or Caisson are box like
structures which are sunk from the surface of
either land or water to the desired depth.
• They are much larger than the pier foundation
or drilled caissons.
• Caisson foundations are used for major
foundation works like
• Bridge piers
• Docks
• Large water front structure such as pump
house.
21.
22. • Foundations on Black Cotton Soil
• Black cotton soils and other expansive soils have typical characteristics of
shrinkage and swelling due to moisture movement through them.
• When moisture enter between the soil particles under some hydrostatic pressure,
the particles separate out, resulting in increase in the volume.
• This increase in volume is commonly known as swelling. If this swelling is
checked or restricted high swelling pressure, acting in the upward direction, will
be induced.
• This would result in several cracks in the walls and may some times damage the
structural such as lintels, beams, slabs etc.
• During summer season, moisture moves out of the soil and consequently, the soil
shrinks.
• Shrinkage cracks are formed on the ground surface. These shrinkage cracks
some times also known as tension cracks, may be 10 to 15 cm wide on the
ground surface.
• Black cotton soils and other expansive soils are dangerous due to their shrinkage
and swelling characteristics.
• In addition, these soils have very poor bearing capacity, ranging from 5 t/m2 to
10 t/m2.
23. • For designing footings on these soils, the following points should be kept in mind:
• 1. The safe bearing capacity should be properly determined, taking into account the
effect of sustained loading. The bearing capacity of these soils may be limited to 5 to
10 t/m2.
2. The foundation should be taken at least 50 cm lower than the depth of moisture
movement.
3. Where this soil occurs only in top layer, and where the thickness of this layer does
not exceed 1 to 1.5 m, the entire layer of black cotton soil should be removed, and
the foundation should be laid on non-shrinkable non- expansive soil.
5. Where the soil is highly expansive, it is very essential to have minimum contact
between the soil and the footing. This can be best achieved by transmitting the loads
through deep piles.
6. Where the bearing capacity of soil is poor, or soil is very soft, the bed of the
foundation trench should be made firm or hard by ramming mooram.
24. Types of foundation in black cotton soils.
Foundation in black cotton soils may be of the following types:
1. Strip foundation. For medium loads, strip foundation may
be provided, along with special design features.
2. Pier foundation Piers are dug at regular interval and filled
with cement concrete. The piers may rest on good bearing
strata.
3. Under-reamed pile foundation. An under-reamed pile is a
pile of shallow depth (1 to 6 m) having one bulb at its lower
end.
25. • Under-reamed Pile Foundation
• Under-reamed piles are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles
having bulk shaped enlargement near base.
• These piles are commonly recommended for providing safe
and economical foundations in expansive soils such as black
cotton soil having poor bearing capacity.
• In these type of foundation the structure is anchored to the
ground at a depth where ground movement due to changes in
moisture content negligible.
• A pile having one bulk is known as single under-reamed pile.
It is seen that the load bearing capacity of the pile can be
increased by increasing the number of bulk at the base.
• In such a case the pile is named as multi-under-reamed pile.
The increase in the bearing capacity of the pile can also be
achieved by increasing the diameter and the length of the pile.
26. • The method of construction of under-reamed pile is very simple.
The holes for casting piles in the ground may be bored by using
hand augers.
• After boring is carried out at the required depth, the base of the
bore hole is enlarged in the form of a bulb near its base by use of a
tool, known under-reamer.
• After the pile holes are ready for concreting, reinforcement cage are
lowered in the holes and concrete is poured.
• The piles should be cast at least 200 to 400 mm above the cut-off
level. Later on, when the concrete is hardened, the extra length of
each pile is broken and the pile top is brought to the desired level.
• Thus, besides relative saving in direct cost (when compared with
conventional isolated footings) it is possible to have overall saving
in time of completion of a work by adopting under-reamed piles.