Understanding of Disasters

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(7CE6-60.2)
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Lecture: 1, 2 and 3
Understanding Disaster-
Concept of Disaster and Risk
DIVYA VISHNOI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
divya.vishnoi@poornima.org
Mob. 8440845083

Concept of disaster
Related terms
Disaster happened in year 2012
Disaster Management Cycle
Difference between Mitigation and preparedness
Disaster management approach
Climate Change Adaptation and DRR
Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Contents

LOOK AT THESE PICTURES OF RECENT DISASTERS IN INDIA.
7/29/2020 3DIVYA VISHNOI

19TH SEPTEMBER 2011:
50 DEAD IN EARTHQUAKE IN SIKKIM AND NORTH EAST
3

WHERE
DO
WE
STAND
?7/29/2020 8DIVYA VISHNOI

LOOK AT WHERE WE STAND:

(In Positive way)
D- Development
I- Innovation
S- Sharing Information
A- Awareness
S-Self sufficiency
T- Transformation
E-Educate
R-Resilience

 A serious disruption of the functioning of a society,
causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected society to cope using its own resources
(Definition by the UN)
 “A Catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave
occurrence in any area arising from natural or man
made causes, or by accidents or negligence which
result in substantial loss of life or human suffering or
damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to,
or degradation of, environment, and is of such a
nature magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity
of the community of the affected area.” (DM Act,
2005)
 An event, either man-made or natural, sudden or
progressive, causing widespread human, material
or environmental losses7/29/2020 14DIVYA VISHNOI

A DISASTER IS A
PRODUCT OF A
HAZARD

A dangerous condition or event or occurrence that
threatens or have the potential to cause disruption
/ damage / injury to life , infrastructure and
services, property and environment.
Example: Earthquake, landslide, cyclone, floods,
volcanic eruptions, war etc.
Magnitude of the phenomenon, probability of
occurrence, the extent and severity of impact may
vary.
There is a potential for
occurrence of an event

There is a
potential for
occurrence
of an event

The extent to which a community
can be affected by the impact of a
certain hazard.
Conditions like Ignorance, poverty,
lack of information, inadequacy etc
adds to the severity of a Disaster.
(Physical & Socio-Economic
Vulnerability)
vulnerable conditions can turn
a situation into a risk or possibility of
Disaster in any area.

Vulnerability
Is a condition or
sets of conditions
that reduces
people’s ability to
prepare for,
withstand or
respond to a
hazard

A HAZARD
TURN INTO A DISASTER
WHEN PEOPLE IN THE DANGER
ZONES ARE VULNERABLE
AND
DONOT HAVE THE CAPACITY
THE COPE WITH THE IMPACT OF
THE HAZARD

THOSE RESOURCES AND STRENGTHS
WHICH EXISTS IN HOUSEHOLDS AND
COMMUNITIES ENABLING THEM TO COPE
WITH, WITHSTAND, PREPARE FOR,
MITIGATE OR QUICKLY RECOVER FROM A
DISASTER
CAPACITY

Capacity
Those positive
condition or
abilities which
increase a
community’s
ability to deal with
hazards.

The probability that a
community’s structure or
geographic area is to be
damaged or disrupted by
the impact of a particular
hazard, on account of
their nature, construction,
and proximity to a
hazardous area.
Risk

Hazard Vulnerabilityx
Disaster Risk
Capacity
=

Elements at Risk
Exposed Elements
Persons, buildings, crops
or other such like
societal components
exposed to known
hazard, which are likely
to be adversely affected
by the impact of the
hazard.

January 2012
Tornado in State of Orissa, India
1 died with 6 person injured (lighting struck during the
tornado)
February 2012
February 10: Chandigarh/Dehradun Earthquake, Minor
Damage Reported
Some houses developed cracks in Barkot area, place near
to epicenter. Barkot is a town and a nagar panchayat in
Uttarkashi District in the state of Uttarakhand, India
DISASTER IS NOT A NEW PHENOMENON IN INDIA

March 2012
March 30: “High Temperature” Warning Issued InGujarat, India
The Meteorological Department of India has issued a
“high temperature” warning in Gujarat following the
severe heat wave
March 28: Moderate Quake Shakes Parts Of Nepal And
India, Several Houses Damaged
Several houses reported to be damaged in Taplejung.
Earlier M 6.8 very strong earthquake in Nepal/Sikkim
area damaged 100+ houses in Taplejung of Nepal. The
houses which already developed cracks/damage during
Nepal/Sikkim earthquake are reported to damaged by
this quake

March 22: Sandstorm in Rajasthan and Maharastra, India
North-easterly wind brought dust/sand from Rajasthan to
Mumbai and Dahanu, India
March 20: Strong storm hits Kashmir
One person died due to Cyclonic storm in Kashmir, 17
injured and about 1000 structures damaged
March 12: Two Moderate Quakes Rocked Kashmir Valley,
No Casualties
The earthquake tremor was felt as far as Srinagar and rest
of Kashmir valley and some parts of Pakistan as well
March 5: Moderate Shallow Earthquake Strikes Rohtak,
Haryana, India
M 5.2 Moderate Earthquake Strikes Haryana - Delhi
Region, India

April 2012
April 25: Cyclone in Tinsukia, Assam, India
Three killed after cyclone and heavy hailstorms hit Tinsukia
district of Assam, India.
April 20: Huge fire in Tirumala forest, India
500 acres of forest destroyed in fire in Tirumala.
Apeil 14: Thunderstorm/lightning in Kolkata, India
8 killed after lightning stuck in an open agricultural field. April
13: Thunder/Hailstorms in India
14 people killed and about 200 injured in India
April 10: Cyclonic storms in Tripura, India
Seven killed and at least 30 people injured in Tripura,
India April 7: Heavy hailstorms reported in several parts of
Hyderabad, India
Heavy hailstorms reported in several parts of Hyderabad, India

May 2012
May 31: Landslide In Sikkim, India- 4,000 Tourists Affected
About 4,000 tourists affected by landslide near Gangtok
and Tsongmo Lake.
May 30: Assam Major Earthquake Prediction Go Viral : But
No Earthquake
The news was viral when an astrologers claimed
possibilities of three major earthquakes through a local
television channel.
May 20: Heat wave in Odisha, India
Four people reported to be killed in in a heat wave in
Odisha
May 2: Thunderstorm in Balwatoli, Kishanganj, India
Six killed and more than 50 injured after thunderstorms hit
Balwatoli in Bihar’s Kishanganjdistrict, India

June 2012
June 30: Strong earthquake shakes Assam, Manipur and
Nagaland
Tremors were felt in most parts of Assam, Nagaland, and Manipur,
besides in Bangladesh and Myanmar.
June 28: Flash floods in Manipur, India
At least 40 houses reported to be flooded in Jiribam in Imphal
district.
June 27: Landslide and flooding in Guwahati, India
One killed and three other injured in a landslide in Santipur hillside
of Guwahati, India.
June 21: Flooding in Patna, India
India Meteorological Department (IMD), Patna issued floods
forecast for river catchments.

June 16: Flooding in Assam, India
Latest flooding in Assam affects Barpeta, Darrang and
Dhubri district.
June 9: Landslide in Jammu and Kashmir, India Around
400 passengers rescued from the Khardung La Pass in
Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir.
June 5: Heavy storms in Tripura, India
One killed and more than 200 houses collapsed in storms
in Tripura districts.
June 5: Flooding in Assam, India
Over 30 villages in Udalguri district affected by recent
flooding.
June 4: Tornado In Tripura, India-50 Houses Damaged
Tornado hit Satinitilla Chowmuhani village along western
border of Tripura.
June 2: Wild fires in Uttarakhand, India
More than 70 forest fires incident reported across
Uttarakhand state of India.7/29/2020 41DIVYA VISHNOI

July 2012
July 21: Flooding in Hyderabad, India
Nine people reported to be killed in recent Hyderabad
floods.
July 19: Flooding in Malda, India
Three people reported to be killed in Malda flood.
July 17: Flooding in North Bengal, India
More than 2,000 people displaced after flash floods hit
North Bengal of India. One person is reported to be
missing in Magurmari.
July 5: Landslides in Chamoli, India
One killed and 15 other injured in a landslide in
Rishikesh-Badrinath National Highway in Chamoli
district of India.
July 4: Lightning in Mumbai, India
Lightning struck Mumbai-bound Boeing 737 carrying 99
passengers.7/29/2020 42DIVYA VISHNOI

August 2012
August 20: Landslides in Himachal Pradesh, India
Hundreds of tourists remained stranded in the tribal Kaza area as
landslides blocked the roads.
August 15: Flash floods in Rajasthan, India
Three killed by recent flash floods in Pratapgarh and Ajmer
districts in Rajasthan.
August 13: Two killed in flash floods in Kumaon region of
Uttarakhand
Death toll from Uttarkashi is now 33. MI-17 helicopters airlifted
nearly 44 pilgrims from Harsil area.
August 05: Uttarkashi, India hit by worst natural tragedy in 34
years
Recent Uttarkashi flood has been declared as the worst natural
tragedy to hit the area in 34 years .
August 04: Flash floods in Kullu, India
Hundreds of families living close to river between Palchan and
Kullu evacuated.7/29/2020 43DIVYA VISHNOI

THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
DISASTER
RESPONSE/RELIEF
REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
PREVENTION
MITIGATION
PREPAREDNESS

Response
Actions taken
immediately
following the impact
of a disaster when
exceptional measures
are required to meet
the basic needs of the
survivors.

Relief
Measures that are
required in search
and rescue of
survivors, as well to
meet the basic needs
for shelter, water,
food and health care.

What is difference between
1. Recovery
2. Rehabilitation
3. Reconstruction

Preparedness
Mitigation
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Disaster
impact
Recovery phase 19

Recovery
The process
undertaken by a
disaster affected
community to fully
restore itself to
pre-disaster level
of functioning.

Rehabilitation
Actions taken in the
aftermath of a disaster to:
•Assist victims to repair
their dwellings;
•Re-establish essential
services;
•Revive key economic
and social activities

Reconstruction
Permanent measures
to repair or replace
damaged dwellings
and infrastructure
and to set the
economy back on
course.

Development
Sustained efforts
intended to improve
or maintain the
social and
economic Well-
being of a
community

P revention
Measures taken to
avert a disaster from
occurring, if possible
(to impede a hazard
so that it does not
have any harmful
effects).

Mitigation
Measures taken prior
to the impact of a
disaster to minimize
its effects (sometimes
referred to as
structural and non-
structural measures).

THE FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IS TO
MINIMISE THE LOSS OF LIFE,
LIVELIHOOD AND SUFFERING THAT
ENTAILS.

P reparedness
Measures taken in
anticipation of a disaster
to ensure that appropriate
and effective actions are
taken in the aftermath.

Measures taken prior
to the impact of a
disaster to minimize
its effects (sometimes
referred to as
structural and non-
structural
measures).
Mitigation
Measures taken to
avert a disaster from
occurring, if possible
(to impede a hazard
so that it does not
have any harmful
effects).
P revention

P reparedness
Measures taken in
anticipation of a
disaster to ensure
that appropriate and
effective actions are
taken in the
aftermath.
Measures taken prior to
the impact of a disaster to
minimize its effects
(sometimes referred to as
structural and non-
structural measures).
Mitigation

Preparedness
Mitigation
Mitigation
Preparedness

SOME DM INTERVENTIONSARE
Prevention
Activities
designed to
provide
permanent
protection
from
disasters
Preparedness
The ability to
predict,
respond to
and cope with
the effect of a
disaster.
Mitigation
Measures
taken in
advance to
reduce impact
of disasters on
society,
individuals and
environment.
Typically BEFORE a disaster event.

Recovery
Rehabilitation +
Reconstruction
Development
Activities designed to inform
Development policies,
strategies, programme and
practices of disaster risks.
This links up to preparedness
and mitigation.
Typically AFTER a disaster event

OW/02
Disaster Management Approaches
Disaster Risk Management
A systematic process of using
administrative decisions,
organizations, operational
capacities to implement policies,
strategies, coping capacities to
lessen impacts of hazards.
It comprises of
prevention + mitigation +
preparedness
Emergency/ Crisis
Management
The organization and
management of
resources and
responsibilities for dealing
with all aspects
of emergencies,
particularly
Preparedness +
Response + Rehabilitation.

Sand dune fixation with bushes
and trees along the coast line as
barrier against surges and strong
winds

Where feasible, Mangove forest
along the sea shore7/29/2020 67DIVYA VISHNOI

SRI - system of rice intensification-
reducing water demand and making
crops more resistant to extreme weather
event
By 2025, 1.8 billion people are projected to be living in countries or regions with
absolute water scarcity. In this respect, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been
introduced as an efficient, resource saving, and productive strategy to practice rice
farming. Water management practices proposed for the SRI, cycles of repeated wetting
and drying, were found to be beneficial to rice plant growth through increased nutrient
availability leading ultimately to higher grain yields. In many countries, SRI have been
producing average yields around 8 t/ha, twice of the present world average. With good
use of these methods and with build-up of soil fertility, in microbiological as well as
chemical and physical terms, yields can surpass 15 t/ha, pushing beyond what has been
considered a yield ceiling for rice. SRI is reported to reduce greenhouse gases emissions
up to 40%, water saving 25-65%, reduction in incidence of major rice pests and
diseases, resistance to storm damage and drought, high economic return and shorter
crop cycle. These make SRI technology relevant to the climate change adaptation and
mitigation.

Seed stores - Access to disaster- resistant
seed and plants7/29/2020 69DIVYA VISHNOI

Cyclone shelters in coastal areas
or flood shelters along major
rivers7/29/2020 70DIVYA VISHNOI

Mock drill on emergency/first aid7/29/2020 71DIVYA VISHNOI

Early warning: international,
national and on a community level

Seed and food stocks/storage systems

DRR Committees and communal
actions

DRR
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Climate Change Adaptation
and DRR…
CC-adaptation…
•Does risk assessment in
the first place
•Looks at slow- and
sudden-onset disasters
•Has a long-term vision
•Takes the perpetrators of
CC into account
•Addresses GHG
reduction (mitigation)

What is the difference
between DM and DRM

Disaster Management
A collective term
encompassing all
aspects of planning for
preparing and
responding to disasters.
It refers to the
management of the
consequences of
disasters.

Disaster Risk Management
• A broad range of
activities designed to:
Prevent the loss of lives
Minimize human suffering
Inform the public and authorities
of risk
Minimize property damage and
economic loss
Speed up the recovery process

Disaster risk management - Stress on proactive
disaster management responses of prevention,
mitigation and preparedness
Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk
Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development for all

THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
PREVENTION
MITIGATION
DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
RESPONSE

Disaster
Preparedness
Reconstruction
Emergency
Response
Rehabilitation
DisasterRiskManagement
Prevention/Mitigatio n
Risk Assessment
Awareness and
Capacity Building

Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster Risk Reduction is a conceptual framework of
elements to minimize disaster risks throughout a society
within the context of sustainable development.
Prevention +Mitigation+ Preparedness
It includes:
(i)Risk awareness and assessment,
(ii)Knowledge development,
(iii)Institutional frameworks,
(iv)Application of land-use protection, science and
technology, partnerships, financial,
(v)Early warning systems

CONCLUSION
• Clear cut distinction between different terminologies
• Difference between Preparedness, Mitigation, and
Prevention,
• Difference between Recovery, Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction
• Difference between DM and DRM
• Sharpen our knowledge about different terminologies

QUESTION &
DISCUSSION

OUTCOME BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is Hazard?
Q.2 What is Vulnerability?
Q.3 What is Mitigation?
Q.4 What is the difference between Hazard and
Risk?
Q.5 What is the difference between Mitigation
and preparedness ?
Q.6 Which national agency handle the Disaster in
India?
Q.7 What is DRR?

References
• “Disaster Management Text & Case Studies” authored by D B N Murthy
and published by Deep & Deep Pvt. Ltd
• “Disaster Management” authored by Arun Kumar and published by
Katson Books
• “Disaster Management” authored by Mrinalini Pandey and published by
Wiley 2014
• “Citizen’s Guide to Disaster Management” authored by Satish Modh and
published by Macmilan India Ltd.(2016)
• National disaster Management Agency https://ndma.gov.in/en/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjlPmSXj24Y&t=9s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YmHvh99kUQ&t=214s

Understanding of Disasters

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