1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
2. Timber floor construction involves plank wood supported by timber joists and beams. Reinforced concrete uses column and beam construction with formwork, steel bar installation and concrete pouring.
3. Load bearing walls support loads and transfer to foundation, with minimum thickness of one brick. Non-load bearing walls only support own weight and are half brick thickness.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
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A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
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1. SUPERSTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. List superstructure construction.
2. Describe the methods of superstructure
construction.
2. SUPERSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
• Superstructure – building parts
located above the ground level such
as column, beam, floor, wall and
roof.
• Materials - timber, steel and
concrete.
5. A) Timber Floor
i) Floor
Timber floor consist of plank
of wood with 25mm
thickness which is supported
by joist with size of 50mm x
75mm to 100mm.
Distance for joist is between
300mm x 600mm from
centre to centre.
6. i) Floor
• Strutting – installed between joist.
• Purpose – to prevent the joist from twisting.
7. i) Floor
All joist are arranged on timber beam.
Timber beam should be bigger than timber joist.
8. A) Timber Frame
ii) Wall
Pieces of planks are used to constructed a wooden wall by
nailing on timber wall structure.
9. A) Timber Frame
iii) Roof
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
ii.
Factors that influenced roof structure design:
Span distance.
Types of roof cover.
Roof cover load and weather load.
Cost.
Aesthetic value.
Main characteristics of timber roof structure:
Enough strength to support the cover load and external load
such as rain and storm.
All the frame parts consist o treated hard timber.
11. B) Reinforced Concrete Frame
Column and beam construction
Concrete column formwork
Concrete beam formwork
Beam is a part of a building which sustains load and transfer it to
column.
The column then transfer all its load to the building foundation.
12. Procedures for column and beam construction
1.
Formwork design
Formwork construction for
concrete column
Formwork construction for
concrete beam
Concrete formwork purpose is to place and form concrete mixture
according to prescribed size and design.
It is a temporary building structure which needs to be opened when
the concrete inside hardens
13. Procedures for column and beam construction
2.
Reinforcement steel bars installation
15. Procedures for column and beam construction
4.
Formwork stripping
FORMWORK PART
FORMWORK STRIPPING DURATION
Stripping side parts of beam and
column formwork.
2 – 6 DAYS
Stripping bottom parts, beam
support and other unloading parts
7 – 14 DAYS
Stripping bottom parts beam
support and other loading parts
28 DAYS
17. Load Bearing Wall Construction
Load bearing wall is constructed in
order to support load other than
its own.
Wall will support all loads before
transferring them to the
foundation.
The wall thickness is normally not
less than one brick or 215 mm.
Example of load bearing wall
This wall also uses reinforcement
steel bars or is combined with
column to strengthen its position.
18. Load Bearing Wall Construction
Non-load bearing wall is the wall
which does not support other load
except its own.
This wall is constructed on
building which has frames such as
column and concrete beam.
The wall thickness is sufficient
with only half a brick or 102.5 mm
and is normally constructed with a
stretcher bond.
Example of nonload bearing
wall