This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Damp-Proof in construction is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces. Dampness problems are among the most frequent problems encountered in residences.
Water leakage causes damage to structures and its contents Reinforcement corrosion , delamination, accelerated aging and increased maintenance costs are all serious concerns
Application design requirement specification for water demand , and water seepage study and investigation to locate the source of the seepage will reduce future damage to the structure and reduce maintenance costs. There are many reasons for water
leakage in buildings, some cases are caused by defective water pipes, sanitary fittings or drainage pipes or rain water leakage from roof and walls . Water leakage may come from dilapidated pipes in adjacent flats or even from inside the same flat. It may also be due to water seeping through common areas, such as the roof or external walls due to poor workmanship or inadequate design.
If water leakage is found in roof or walls or water supply or sewerage pipes and fitting and fixtures a proper investigation of the cause needs to be carried out
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. DAMP PROOFING
CONCRETE
By K.Shah
B.E.(Civil Engg) NIT Rourkela,India
M.Sc. (Environment), University of Leeds, UK
Ex-GM(Civil & Environment) – MNC
Currently Guest faculty-College of Technology & Engineering
2. CUASES OF DAMPNESS
Definition
“Dampness is the presence of hygroscopic
or gravitational moisture”
Building should remain dry or free from moisture
travelling through waals, roofs and floors.
Dampness gives un hygienic conditions apart from
reduction in strength of structural components.
Provision of damp proof courses prevent entry of
moisture in the building.
3. (1) Moisture rising up the walls from ground.
a) All structures are founded on soils
b) If the soil is pervious, moisture constantly travels
through it.
c) Even in the impervious soil, lot of soil moisture may be
present.
d) This moisture rise up into wall & floor through capillary
action.
e) Ground water rise also result in moisture entry into the
building through walls.
4. (2) rain travel trough wall tops:
If the wall tops are not properly protected
from rain penetration, rain will enter the
wall & will travel down.
Leaking roofs will also permit water to
enter.
5. (3) Rain beating against external walls :
Heavy showers of rain may beat against the external
faces of walls & if the walls are not properly treated,
moisture will enter the wall causing dampness in the
interior.
If balconies and chajja projections do not have proper
slope, water will accumulate on these & will enter the
walls through their junctions.
Moisture will completely damage interior paints of walls.
6. (4) Condensation
Due to condensation of atmospheric moisture, water is
deposited on the walls, floors & ceilings.
This moisture causes dampness.
7. EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS
Following are ill effects of entry of
dampness:
1. Dampness gives rise to breeding of mosquitoes &
create unhealthy conditions.
2. Travel of moisture on wall causes unsighty patches.
3. It may cause softening & crumling of plasters.
4. Wall decoration or paint is damaged.
5. Continuous presence of moisture in wall may cause
florescence which result in disintegration of bricks,
stones,tiles
8. EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS
6. Flooring gets loosened due to reduction in adhesion
when moisture enters through the floor.
7. Timber fittings such as doors, windows almira etc
coming in contact with damp walls, damp floors get
deteriorated because of warping etc.
8. Electrical fittings get deteriorated, giving rise to
leakage of electricity & danger of short shirtings.
9. Floor coverings are damaged.
10. Dampness promotes & accelerated growth of termites.
11. Dampness breeds germs of disease like tuberculosis,
neuralgia, rheumatism.
12. Moisture causes rusting & corrosion of metal fittings.
9. METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING
(1) use of damp proofing course (DPC) :
Membrane damp proofing.
(2) Integral Damp Proofing
(3) Surface Treatment
(4) Cavity wall construction
(5) Guniting
(6) Pressure Guniting
10. (1) Membrane Damp Proofing (Use of
DPC)
(1) Membrane Damp Proofing (Use of
DPC)
In this method water repellent membrane or damp proof
course (DPC) between the source of dampness and
part of building adjacent to it.
DPC may be bitumen, mastic asphalt, bituminous felts,
plastic sheet, metal sheets, cement concrete
DPC may be provided horizontally or vertically in floors,
walls etc.
11. (1 ) Membrane Damp Proofing (Use of DPC)
Following general principles should be applied while
providing DPC:
a) DPC should cover full thickness of wall.
b) Mortar bed supporting DPC should be levelled & even and should
be free from projections, so that DPC is not damaged.
c) At junctions & corners of walls, the horizontal DPC (on floor)
should be laid continuous.
d) When a horizontal DPC is continued to vertical face, a cement
concrete fillet of 7.5 cm radius should be provided at junction.
e) DPC should not be kept exposed on wall surface otherwise it may
get damaged during finishing.
12. (2) INTEGRAL DAMP PROOFING
This consists of adding certain water proofing compounds of
materials to the concrete mix, so that it becomes impermeable
These water proofing compounds may be in three forms:
1. Compounds made from chalk, talk,fullers earth, which may fill the
voids of concrete under the mechanical action principle
2. Compounds like alkaline silicates, aluminium sulphate, calcium
chlorides etc which reacts chemically with concrete to produce
water proof concrete.
3. Compounds work on water repulsion principle. like soap,
petroleum, oils fatty acid compounds such as Stearates of calcium,
sodium, ammonia etc. When they are mixed with concrete
becomes water pepellant.
4. Commercially available compounds like Publo, Permo, Silka etc.
13. (3) SURFACE TREATMENT
The surface treatment consists of application of layer of
water repellant substances on the surface through which
moisture enters.
The use of water repellant metallic soaps such as
Calcium & Aluminium Oletes and Stearates are effective
against rain water penetration.
Pointing & plastering of the exposed surfaces must be
done carefully using water proofing agents like Sodium
or Potassium silicates, Aluminium or Zinc sulphates,
Barrium hydroxide and magnassium sulphate.
Surface treatment is successful when moisture is
superficial.
14. (4) Cavity Wall Construction
• In this method of damp prevention in
which main wall of building is sheilded by
an outer skin wall, leaving a cavity
between the two.
15. (5) Guniting
This consists of depositing layer of rich
cement mortar by pressure to the exposed
surface of wall, pipes.
Cement mortar is 1:3 cement sand mix.
Mortar is shot on clean surface with
cement gun under 2 to 3 kg/cm2 pressure.
Nozzle of machine is kept at a distance
about 75 to 90 cm from wall.
Curing of mortar is done for 10 days.
16. (6) Pressure Grouting
In this method, cement grout is filled in
cracks, voids in the structure of building by
pressure.
Foundation of building are subjected to
grouting to make water-penetration-
resistant.
This method is effective to control entry of
ground water through foundations
17. MATERIALS FOR DPC
• Ideal DPC should have following quality:
• Should be perfectly impervious
• Should not permit moisture penetration
• Material should be durable with life equal to
building life.
• Material should be strong to resist superimposed
load/ pressure.
• Material should be flexible to accommodate the
structural movements without any craks.
• Material should not be costly.
• Material should remain steady in its position.
18. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(1) Hot bitumen:
This is highly flexible.
Can be applied with a minimum thickness
of 3 mm.
It is placed on bedding of concrete in hot
condition
19. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(2) Mastic Asphalt
It is made by mixing bitumen & sand &
mineral fillers
It is semi rigid material.
It is squeezed out in hot climate or under
pressure.
20. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(3) Bituminous Asphalt:
It is ready made roll of dry asphalt sheets
It is laid on levelled flat layer of cement mortar.
An overlap 10 cm provided at joints.
The laps is sealed with bitumen.
It can not resist heavy load.
It can accommodate slight movement.
21. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(4)
Metal Sheets
Sheets of lead,copper,aluminium is used as DPC.
Lead sheet is more flexible.
Thickness of sheet should be such that its weight is not
kless than 20 kg/m2.
They are laid similar to bitumnous felts.
Lead sheet is completely impervious, resistant to
atmospheric corrosion, can take complex shaperesistant
to sliding action.
22. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(4)
Metal Sheets
Lead will have corrosion if comes in contact with
cement/lime. It is covered by bitumen.
Copper Sheets of 3 mm thickness are embeded in
cement /lime mortar.
It has high resistance to dampness, sliding and pressure.
Aluminium sheets is also used for DPC but not better
than copper & lead.
23. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(5) Combination of sheets & bituminous felts
Lead foils sandwiched between asphaltic or bitumious
felts cabn be used as DPC.
The combination known as Lead Core can be laid easily,
is durable, efficient,economic & resistant to cracks.
24. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(6) Bricks
Special bricks, having water absorption not less
than 4.5 % of their weight can be used as DPC
where dampness is excessive.
Bricks are laid in 2 to 4 courses in cement
mortar.
The joints of bricks are kept open.
25. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(7) Stones
Dense & sound stones, such as granite,
trap,slates etc are laid in cement mortar 1:3 in
two layer to form effective DPC.
Stone should be extended to full width of wall.
26. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(8) Mortar
Cement mortar 1:3 is used as bedding layer for housing
other DPC.
Small quantity of lime may be added to increase
workability of mortar.
In water used for mixing, 75 gm soap is dissolved per
liter of water.
This Mortar can be used for plaster of outer walls
27. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(9) Cement Concrete
Concrete 1:2:4 mix or 1:11/2:3 mix is provided at
plinth level to work as DPC.
The thickness may vary from 4 cm to 15 cm.
This layer prevent water rise in wall by capillary
action.
Where dampness is more two layer can be
made.
28. MATERIALS FOR DPC
(10) Plastic sheets
This is new type of DPC material made of
black polythene sheet of 0.5 mm to 1 mm
thickness.
Available in 30 m length in market.
The treatment is cheaper but not
permanent.
29. DPC Treatment in Buildings
(1) Treatment to foundations against gravitational water :
Foundation may receive water percolating from adjacent ground
and this moisture may rise in walls.
This can be checked by providing air drain parallel to the external
wall.
The width of air drain may be about 20 to 30 cm.
The outer wall of the drain is kept above ground to check the entry
of surface water.
RCC cover is provided
Openings with gratings are provided at regular interval for
passage of air.
Usual DPC are also provided horizontally and vertically.
30. DPC Treatment in Buildings
(2) Treatment to basements
When basement in dump soils are constructed,
following methods are followed:
a) Provision of foundation drains and DPC.
b) Provision of RCC raft & slab.
c) Asphalt tanking
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. (2) Treatment to basements
a) Provision of foundation drains and DPC.
When basement rests on soils which are not properly drained,
(such as peat soil ) great hydrostatic pressure is exerted and the
floor as well as wall receive water continuously oozing out.
In such case it is necessary to make a trench all around upto
foundation level & fill it with gravel, coke,
Open jointed drains may be provided to collect the underground
water.
Drainage pipes,embeded in gravel bed, may also be provided
before foundation concrete.
Horizontal & vertical DPC are provided in wall as well as
foundation concrete.
Drain may have suitable longitudnal slope,ultimately draining
water into catch drain.
Drain pipes under basement slab may be provided at some
interval.