This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Principal of planning is basic need for planning of any type of building. It gives basic understanding for planning any type of building or building component.
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Principal of planning is basic need for planning of any type of building. It gives basic understanding for planning any type of building or building component.
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from ETABS with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2. The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2.
The aim of this manual is to give the design application of the basic requirements of EC8 for new concrete and steel buildings using ETABS. This book can be used by users of ETABS modeler. Is not cover all the steps that you have to carry during designing model using ETABS but is a good manual for those who using Eurocodes.
foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Foundation types
1. • Types of foundation
• Foundations may be broadly classified as
• (a) shallow Foundation
• (b) Deep foundation
• (a) Shallow Foundation: According to Terzaghi, a
foundation is shallow if its depth is equal to or less
than its width.
• Types of shallow foundation:
• Spread footing
• Combined footing
• Strap Footing
• Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation
2. • Spread Footing:-Spread footings are those which spread the
super-imposed load of wall or column over larger area. Spread
footing support either column or wall.
• It may be following kinds
• Single footing for column: In which the loaded area of column
has been spread to the large size through single spread. The
base is generally made of concrete.
• Stepped footing for column: This type of footing provided for
heavily loaded column which required greater spread with
steps. The base is generally made of concrete.
• Sloped footing for column: In this type of footing concrete
base does not have uniform thickness but is made sloped.
• Wall footing without step: It consist of concrete base without
any steps including masonry wall.
• Stepped footing for wall: It consist of masonry wall have
stepped footing with concrete base .
3.
4. • Grillage Foundation
• It is special type of isolated footing generally provided
for heavily loaded steel column and used in those
location where bearing capacity of soil is poor.
• The depth of such foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5 m.
• The load of steel column is distributed over very large
area by means of two or more tiers of steel joints.
• Each layer being laid at right angle to the layer below it.
5.
6. Combined Footing:
• A spread footing which supports two or more columns is termed as
combined footing.
• The combined footing may be of following kinds.
• Rectangular combined footing: The combined footings will be provide
in rectangular in shape if columns carry equal loads. The design of
rectangular combined footing should be done in such way that centre of
gravity of column coincide with centroid of footing area.
• Trapezoidal combined footing: If columns carry unequal loads the
footing is of trapezoidal shape are provided.
• Combined column-wall footing: It may be required to provide a
combined footing for column and wall. Such combined footing are
shown in fig.
7.
8.
9. Strap Footing:
• If a Independent footing of two columns are connected by a beam, it is
called a strap footing.
• A strap footing may be used where the distance between the column is
so great that trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow.
• The strap does not remain in contact with soil and does not transfer
any pressure to the soil.
10.
11. Raft foundation:
• A raft Foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and support all the wall and column.
• They are used in areas where the soil masses contains compressible
lenses or the soil is sufficiently erratic so that differential settlement
would be difficult to control.
• Raft foundation may be divided in to three types based on their
design and construction.
• Solid slab system
• Beam slab system
• Cellular system
• All the three types are basically the same, consisting of a large,
generally unbroken area of slab covering the whole or large part of
structure.
12.
13.
14. • Deep foundation
• Deep foundation are those in which the depth of foundation is very large in
comparison to its width.
• Deep foundation may be of following types
• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
• Caissons or Well foundation
• Pile Foundation
• Pile Foundation is that type of foundation in which the loads are taken to a
low level by means of vertical members which may be timber, concrete or
steel.
• Pile foundation may be adopted when no firm bearing strata is available and
the loading is uneven.
• Piles may be of following types
• End bearing piles
• Friction Pile
• Compaction pile
15. • End bearing piles: This types of piles are used to
transfer load through water or soft soil to a
suitable bearing stratum.
• Friction Pile: Friction piles are used to transfer
loads to a depth of friction load carrying material
by means of skin friction along the length of piles.
• Compaction pile: Compaction piles are used to
compact loose granular soils, thus increasing their
bearing capacity.
16.
17. • Pier foundation:
• A Pier foundation consist of cylindrical
column of large diameter to support and
transfer large superimposed load to the firm
strata below.
• Generally, pier foundation is shallow in depth
than the pile foundation.
18.
19. • Well Foundation:
• Well Foundation or Caisson are box like
structures which are sunk from the surface of
either land or water to the desired depth.
• They are much larger than the pier foundation
or drilled caissons.
• Caisson foundations are used for major
foundation works like
• Bridge piers
• Docks
• Large water front structure such as pump
house.
20.
21. • Foundations on Black Cotton Soil
• Black cotton soils and other expansive soils have typical characteristics of
shrinkage and swelling due to moisture movement through them.
• When moisture enter between the soil particles under some hydrostatic pressure,
the particles separate out, resulting in increase in the volume.
• This increase in volume is commonly known as swelling. If this swelling is
checked or restricted high swelling pressure, acting in the upward direction, will
be induced.
• This would result in several cracks in the walls and may some times damage the
structural such as lintels, beams, slabs etc.
• During summer season, moisture moves out of the soil and consequently, the soil
shrinks.
• Shrinkage cracks are formed on the ground surface. These shrinkage cracks
some times also known as tension cracks, may be 10 to 15 cm wide on the
ground surface.
• Black cotton soils and other expansive soils are dangerous due to their shrinkage
and swelling characteristics.
• In addition, these soils have very poor bearing capacity, ranging from 5 t/m2 to
10 t/m2.
22. • For designing footings on these soils, the following points should be kept in mind:
• 1. The safe bearing capacity should be properly determined, taking into account the
effect of sustained loading. The bearing capacity of these soils may be limited to 5 to
10 t/m2.
2. The foundation should be taken at least 50 cm lower than the depth of moisture
movement.
3. Where this soil occurs only in top layer, and where the thickness of this layer does
not exceed 1 to 1.5 m, the entire layer of black cotton soil should be removed, and
the foundation should be laid on non-shrinkable non- expansive soil.
5. Where the soil is highly expansive, it is very essential to have minimum contact
between the soil and the footing. This can be best achieved by transmitting the loads
through deep piles.
6. Where the bearing capacity of soil is poor, or soil is very soft, the bed of the
foundation trench should be made firm or hard by ramming mooram.
23. Types of foundation in black cotton soils.
Foundation in black cotton soils may be of the following types:
1. Strip foundation. For medium loads, strip foundation may
be provided, along with special design features.
2. Pier foundation Piers are dug at regular interval and filled
with cement concrete. The piers may rest on good bearing
strata.
3. Under-reamed pile foundation. An under-reamed pile is a
pile of shallow depth (1 to 6 m) having one bulb at its lower
end.
24. • Under-reamed Pile Foundation
• Under-reamed piles are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles
having bulk shaped enlargement near base.
• These piles are commonly recommended for providing safe
and economical foundations in expansive soils such as black
cotton soil having poor bearing capacity.
• In these type of foundation the structure is anchored to the
ground at a depth where ground movement due to changes in
moisture content negligible.
• A pile having one bulk is known as single under-reamed pile.
It is seen that the load bearing capacity of the pile can be
increased by increasing the number of bulk at the base.
• In such a case the pile is named as multi-under-reamed pile.
The increase in the bearing capacity of the pile can also be
achieved by increasing the diameter and the length of the pile.
25. • The method of construction of under-reamed pile is very simple.
The holes for casting piles in the ground may be bored by using
hand augers.
• After boring is carried out at the required depth, the base of the
bore hole is enlarged in the form of a bulb near its base by use of a
tool, known under-reamer.
• After the pile holes are ready for concreting, reinforcement cage are
lowered in the holes and concrete is poured.
• The piles should be cast at least 200 to 400 mm above the cut-off
level. Later on, when the concrete is hardened, the extra length of
each pile is broken and the pile top is brought to the desired level.
• Thus, besides relative saving in direct cost (when compared with
conventional isolated footings) it is possible to have overall saving
in time of completion of a work by adopting under-reamed piles.