Deep foundations such as piles, piers, and caissons are required when surface soil cannot support a structure or when a firm soil layer is too deep to be reached economically by shallow foundations. Piles are slender structural members made of steel, concrete, or wood that are driven or cast in place into the ground. Piles transfer structural loads through skin friction or end bearing. Common pile installation methods include dropping weight hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory hammers, and jacking. Piers are larger diameter cast in place foundations used in dry areas. Caissons are hollow watertight structures sunk into place under bodies of water to form foundations.

1. DEEP FOUNDATION
PRESENTED BY
SANA FATMA
B.ARCH 3RD YEAR

2. DEEP FOUNDATION
• When the soil at or near the ground surface is not capable of
supporting a structure a deep foundations are required to
transfer the loads to deeper strata.
• Deep foundations are also used when surface soil is
unsuitable for shallow foundation, a firm stratum is so deep
that it cannot be reached economically by shallow
foundations.
• Ground table is high.

3. TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
• The most common types of deep foundation are
piles, piers and caissons.

4. PILE FOUNDATION
• A pile is a slender structural member made of
steel,concrete or wood. A pile is either driven into
the soil or formed in-situ by excavating a hole and
filling it with the concrete.

6. NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
• When the strata or just below the ground surface is highly
compressible and very weak to support the load
transmitted by the structure.
• When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its
outline and load distribution.
• Pile foundations are required for the transmission of
structural loads through deep water .
• Piles are required when the soil conditions are such that a
wash out ,erosion of soil occur from underneath a shallow
foundation.
• Piles are used for the foundations of some structures such
as transmission towers, off shore platforms, which are
subjected to uplift.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• Classification according to material used
 Steel piles: steel piles are generally either in the
form of thick pipes or rolled steel H sections. Pipe
steel piles are driven into the ground with their
ends open or closed. Piles are provided with a
driving point or shoe at the lower end.
o Epoxy coatings are applied in the factory during
manufacture of pipes to reduce corrosion of steel
piles. Sometimes ,concrete encasement at site is
done as a protection against corrosion.

8. STEEL H SECTION

9. • CONCRETE PILES: Cement concrete is used in the
construction of concrete piles.
• Concrete piles are either pre cast or cast in situ.
• The reinforcement is provided to resist handling and driving
stresses.
• Precast piles can also be pre stressed using high strength
steel pre tensioned cables.
• A cast in situ pile is constructed by making hole in the
ground and then filling it with concrete. It may be cased or
uncased.
• A cased pile is constructed by driving a steel casing into the
ground and filling it with concrete.
• An uncased pile is constructed by driving the casing to
desired depth and gradually withdrawing casing when fresh
concrete is filled.

10. Driven concrete piles are vulnerable to damages by
overdriving

11. DAMAGES OF CONCRETE PILES

12. PILE BREAKAGE ON INCLINED ROCKY
SURFACE

13. Among the advantages of Cast-In-Place
Concrete are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Can sustain hard driving
Resistant to marine organism
Easily inspected
Length can be changed easily
Easy to handle and ship

14. • Timber piles: Timber piles are made from tree trunks
after proper trimming.
• The timber should be straight ,sound and free from
defects.
• Steel shoe are provided to prevent damage during
driving.
• The length of the pipe sleeve should be atleast five times
the diameter of the pile.
• Timber piles below the water table have generally long
life.
• Above the water table these are attacked by insects.
• Timber piles should not be used in marine environment
where these are attacked by various organisms

15. FAILURE OF TIMBER PILES
WEAK TIMBER JOINT

16. • Composite piles: There are made of two
materials.
• A composite pile may consist of the lower
portion of steel and the upper portion of cast
in-situ concrete.
• A composite may also have the lower portion of
timber below the water table and the upper
portion of concrete.
• It is because it is difficult to provide a proper
joint between two dissimilar materials.
• It is rarely used in practice.

17. Timber and in-site reinforced concrete piles

18. • Amsterdam, built on wooden piles, and more recently
Shanghai built on deep concrete piles.

19. LOAD CAN BE TRANSFERRED BY PILE
TO THE GROUND BY 2 WAY THAT IS:
a) End Bearing Piles
- Pile will transmit load into the firm soil layer of
the ground such as rock, gravel, very dense
sand
b) Friction Piles
- Pile transmit the load from the structure to the
penetrable soil by means of skin friction or
cohesion between the soil & the embedded
surface of the pile.

20. METHOD OF INSTALLATION
a) Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of
displacement piles
b) Diesel Hammers
- Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive
granular soil
c) Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile
driving
- very effective in driving piles through non
cohesive granular soil
c) Jacking Method Of Insertion

21. DROP HAMMER
• A drop hammer is raised by a winch and allowed to drop on
the top of the pile under gravity from a certain height.
• During the driving operation ,a cap is fixed to the top of the
pile and cushion is generally provided between the pile and
the cap.
• Another cushion ,known as hammer cushion is placed on the
pile cap on which the hammer causes the impact.

23. DIESEL HAMMER
• Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by
the diesel hammer.
• The explosions raise a ram which is used to drive
the pile into the ground.
• Although the ram is smaller than the weight used
in the drop hammer the increased frequency of
the blows can make up for this inefficiency.
• This type of hammer is most suitable for driving
piles through non-cohesive granular soils where
the majority of the resistance is from end
bearing.

25. VIBRATORY METHOD OF PILE DRIVING
• Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective
in driving piles through non cohesive granular
soils.
• The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains
adjacent to the pile making the soil almost free
flowing thus significantly reducing friction along
the pile shaft.
• However the large energy resulting from the
vibrations can damage equipment, noise and
vibration propagation can also result in the
settlement of nearby buildings.

26. Pile Driving Rig - raise and
temporarily support the pile that
being driven and to support the pile
hammer.

27. DROPPING WEIGHT / DROP HAMMERS
•
•
A weight approximately half that of the
pile is raised a suitable distance in a guide
and released to strike the pile head.
When driving a hollow pile tube the weight
usually acts on a plug at the bottom of the
pile thus reducing any excess stresses along
the length of the tube during insertion.

28. DROP WEIGHT

29. JACKING METHOD OF INSERTION
• Jacked Piles are most commonly used in
underpinning structures
• By excavating underneath a structure short
lengths of pile can be inserted and jacked
into the ground using the underside of the
existing structure as a reaction.

30. Jacking Method Of Insertion

31. BEHAVIOUR OF PILE FOUNDATION IN
THE PRESENCE OF CAVITY

33. PIERS
• A pier is a vertical column of relatively larger
cross section than a pile. A pier is installed in a
dry area by excavating a cylindrical hole of
larger diameter to a desired depth and then
backfilling it with concrete.
• A cast in situ pile greater than 0.6 m diameter
is generally termed as a pier.

34. Among the things to be taken in consideration
during construction of pier are as follows:
•
•
•
Drilling through wet or caving soils may need use of
temporary steel casing. May also require the use of a pump to
dewater the hole & place concrete. This is more expensive
and require a large diameter hole.
For the purpose of reinforcing, it’s difficult to get bars to the
full depth of the pier with the proper concrete cover in deep
holes. Use large diameter bars versus more bars.
Don’t leave holes open for any length of time even in dry
condition. Cuttings fall in or etc. Have concrete on site and fill
right after drilling and cleaning.

35. • Advantages: Very affordable foundation
• Disadvantages: Can not be used with
conventional construction where walls are
framed with studs, unless a heavy structural
grade beam is installed first.

37. CAISSON
• A caisson is a hollow ,watertight box or chamber
,which is sunk through the ground for laying
foundation under the water.
• It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth
and then filled with concrete thus forming a
foundation.
• Most often used in the construction of bridge
piers & other structures that require foundation
beneath rivers & other bodies of water.
• This is because caissons can be floated to the job
site and sunk into place.

38. • It’s created by auguring a deep hole in the ground.
• Then, 2 or more ‘stick’ reinforcing bar are inserted
into and run the full length of the hole and the
concrete is poured into the caisson hole.
• The caisson foundations carry the building loads at
their lower ends, which are often bell-shaped.

39. TYPES OF CAISSONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Box Caissons
Excavated Caissons
Floating Caissons
Open Caissons
Pneumatic Caissons
Sheeted Caissons

41. Major types of caissons as they appear from top and in
cross section from side.

42. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN –PILLAI
MENON
• WIKIPEDIA

43. THANK YOU