The document discusses brain computer interfaces (BCI). It begins with an introduction to BCI, explaining that it allows signals from the brain to direct external activity like controlling a cursor. It then discusses different types of BCI including invasive, non-invasive, and partially invasive. The document also covers topics like brain waves, BCI working mechanisms, applications, and challenges in the current technology.

1. Brain Computer Interfaces
A Seminar on
By
Rahul Nale
VTP NO-1770
PRN NO-170861059001
M.Tech(VLSI &ESD)
3rd Semester
Guide
Mr. shubham Srivastava

2. Abstract
Introduction
Literature survey
BCI Model working
Brain waves
BCI Types
Current technology
Current technology problems
Applications
Feature scope
Conclusion
Agenda

3. Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables
signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a
prosthetic limb.
The interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to
be controlled with the advent of miniature wireless tech, electronic gadgets have stepped up
the invasion of the body through innovative techniques.
Firstly this paper deals with as to how this mechanism is supported by the brain. In the later
sections describes its applications, current research on this technique, real life examples and
concluding it with its advantages and drawbacks.

4. Introduction
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology, in
which researchers aim to build a direct channel between the human brain and
the computer.
A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a collaboration in which a brain accepts
and controls a mechanical device as a natural part of its representation of the
body.
Computer-brain interfaces are designed to restore sensory function, transmit
sensory information to the brain, or stimulate the brain through artificially
generated electrical signals

5.  A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology which allows a human to
control a computer, peripheral, or other electronic device with thought.
 It does so by using electrodes to detect electric signals in the brain which are sent
to a computer.
 The computer then translates these electric signals into data which is used to
control a computer or a device linked to a computer.
Cont.
….

6. li
Paper title Conference Paper proposes Used method
1.Using EEG recognize
emergency situations for
Brain-controlled Vehicles
2015 IEEE Intelligent
Vehicles Symposium
(IV)
June 28 - July 1, 2015.
COEX, Seoul, Korea
This paper proposes a novel method to
recognize an emergency situation by
translating EEG signals of a disabled driver
while he or she uses a brain-machine
interface without using his or her limbs to
drive a vehicle
16-channel amplifier to
collect EEG signals
from thirteen channels
(i.e., Cz, C3, C4, Pz,
P3, P4, P7, P8, Oz, O1,
O2, T7, T8) based on
an international 10-20
system. The reference
potential was the
average of the left
and right ear lobes.
2. Wireless Mobile Robot
Control through Human
Machine Interface
using Brain Signals
2015 International
Conference on Smart
Technologies and
Management
for Computing ,
978-1-4799-9855-5/15/
©2015 IEEE
In this work, an EEG based wireless mobile
robot is implemented for
people suffer from motor disabilities can
interact with physical
devices based on Brain Computer Interface
(BCI)
NeuroSky Mind wave
sensor;
Wavelet Transform;
Eye blink detection;
Mobile Robot
Literature survey

7. 3. A Brain Computer
Interface Based on Neural
Network with Efficient Pre
Processing
2006 Processing International
and Communication Symposium
on Systems Intelligent
(ISPACS2006) Signal 20 Db31
Yonago Convention Center,
Tottori, Japan O-7803-9733-
9/06/$20,OO©t2006 IEEE
In this paper, the neural
network is applied to the
BCI. Amplitude of the FFT
of the brain waves are used
for the input
data
neural network ,FFT
4. Soft Drink Effects on
Sensorimotor Rhythm
Brain Computer
Interface Performance and
Resting-State Spectral
Power
978-1-4577-0220-4/16/$31.00
©2016 IEEE
investigated the effect of
soft drinks on resting state
(RS) EEG signals and
BCI control
Data Acquisition and
Cursor Control
5 Portable Brainwave
Monitor
April 30, 2009
Interdisciplinary Engineering
Design Program
University of Arizona
The purpose of this project
was to create a portable
and affordable brainwave
monitor that could send
data wirelessly to a nearby
receiver
DET, Instrumentaion
amplifier, MSP430
Microcontroller

8. Brain Computer Interface
Communication using Thoughts of Brain (EEG) without using
any Muscle control, Especially for Severely Paralyzed people

9.  A bio signal is any signal in human beings that can be continually
measured and monitored.
 ECG(Electrocardiogram)
 EEG(Electroencephalogram)
 EMG(Electromyogram)
 EOG(Electrooculogram)
 Galvanic skin response
 MEG(Magneto encephalography)
What is Bio signal?

10. Introduction To EEG
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the
scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows
within the neurons of the brain
German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the
first human EEG in 1924
Digital EEG

12. BCI Working
1. Electrode interfacing working
2. BCI working
3.Application working

13. 1. Electrode interface working
The easiest and least invasive method is
a set of electrodes -- a device known as
an electroencephalograph (EEG) --
attached to the scalp.
The electrodes can read brain signals.
To get a higher-resolution signal,
scientists can implant electrodes
directly into the gray matter of the brain
itself, or on the surface of the brain,
beneath the skull.

14. Brain Wave Signals
Delta 1-3 Hz
Deep, dreamless
sleep
Theta 4-8 Hz
Deep relaxation and meditation,
problem solving
Alpha 9-14 Hz
Relaxed,calm,meditation,
creative visualization
Beta 15-20 Hz
Awake ,normal alert consciousness

15. 1. WDW - The Sample Window-
2.The Sample Rate-
3.MIN And MAX - The Output Frequencies
Brain waves

16. Basic Mechanism-
wires from each electrode transmit their
measurements to a computer.
the electrodes measure minute
differences in the voltage between
neurons.
the signal is then amplified and filtered.
the computer produces a graph showing
the readings from each electrode.
2.BCI Working

17. Click to edit Master text styles
Basic block diagram of a BCI system incorporating signal
detection, processing and deployment

18. Click to edit Master text styles
Implementation of BCI

19. Major Historical Events
1924 ,Hans Berger, a German neurologist was the first to record human brain activity by means of EEG.
1970, Research on BCIs began at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA).
1978, A prototype was implanted into a man blinded in adulthood.
Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.
2005. Matthew Nagle was one of the first persons to use a BCI to restore functionality lost due to paralysis.
2013 Duke University researchers successfully connected the brains of two rats with electronic interfaces that allowed them to directly share
information, in the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface.

20. Types Of BCI
BCI Types
Invasive
Partial
Invasive
Non
Invasive
Neurosurgery ECoG EEG MEG fMRI

21. Invasive BIC
Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into
the grey matter of the brain by
neurosurgery.
As they rest in the grey matter, invasive
devices produce the highest quality signals
of BCI devices.
But are prone to scar tissue build-up,
causing the signal to become weaker or
even lost as the body reacts to a foreign
object in the brain.
Brain Gate Neural Interface System

22. Non-invasive
It is the most useful neuron signal
imaging method which is applied to the
outside of the skull, just applied on the
scalp.
Techniques-
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography(MEG)
Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (FMRI)

23. Click to edit Master text styles
Exact place of Electrode

24. Partially Invasive
It is another brain signal reading process
which is applied to the inside the skull but
outside the grey matter.
Electrocorticography(ECoG)is the example
of partially invasive BCI.
An electrocorticograph (ECoG) records the
activity of the brain inside the skull, but
from the surface of the membranes that
protect it.
An electrode Grid is being implanted by
surgical incision.

25. Electroencephalography( EEG)
In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is
obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp
with a conductive gel or paste, usually after
preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to
reduce impedance due to dead skin cells.
many systems typically use electrodes, each of
which is attached to an individual wire.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
MEG detects the tiny magnetic fields
created as individual neurons "fire" within
the brain.
It can pinpoint the active region with a
millimeter, and can follow the movement
of brain activity as it travels from region
to region within the brain.

26. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
It exploits the changes in the magnetic properties of
hemoglobin as it carries oxygen.
activation of a part of the brain increases oxygen levels
there increasing the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to
deoxyhemoglobin.

27. Applications
1. Provide disabled people with communication, environment control, and movement restoration.
2. Provide enhanced control of devices such as wheelchairs, vehicles, or assistance robots for
people with disabilities.
3. Provide additional channel of control in computer games.
4. Monitor attention in long-distance drivers or aircraft pilots, send out alert and warning for
aircraft pilots.
5. Develop intelligent relaxation devices.

28. Cont.…
6. Control robots that function in dangerous or inhospitable situations (e.g.,
underwater or in extreme heat or cold).
7. create a feedback loop to enhance the benefits of certain therapeutic methods.
8. develop passive devices for monitoring function, such as monitoring long-term
drug effects, evaluating psychological state, etc.
9. monitor stages of sleep, bionics/cybernetics, memory upload/download, dream
capture etc.
10. brain as a computer

29. Brain Gate
Australian Bionic Eye
Honda Asimo Control
BCI2000

30. Wireless BCI systems

31. BCI Gamming

32. Technology reach up to…….
Eventually, this technology could:
 Allow paralyzed people to control prosthetic limbs with their mind.
 Transmit visual images to the mind of a blind person, allowing them to see.
 Transmit auditory data to the mind of a deaf person, allowing them to hear.
 Allow gamers to control video games with their minds.
 Allow a mute person to have their thoughts displayed and spoken by a
computer.

33. Problems in existing technology..
Should be think..
 Research is still in beginning stages.
 The current technology is crude.
 Ethical issues may prevent its development.
 Electrodes outside of the skull can detect very few electric signals from the
brain.
 Electrodes placed inside the skull create scar tissue in the brain.

34. Feature scope
1.May be come a day when we can control
your computer with your thoughts
2.Brain to Brain communication
3.May be we can be transmits emotions to
our friends.

35.  As BCI technology further advances, brain tissue may one day give way to
implanted silicon chips thereby creating a completely computerized simulation of
the human brain that can be augmented at will.
 Futurists predict that from there, superhuman artificial intelligence won't be far
behind.
Conclusion

36. THANK YOU

37. References
1. Kenji Nakayama ,Kiyoto Inagaki “A Brain Computer Interface Based On Neural
Network With Efficient Pre-processing ” 2006 Processing International And Communication
Symposium On Systems Intelligent (ISPACS2006) Signal20 Db31 Yonago Convention Center,
Tottori, Japan , O-7803-9733-9/06/$20,OO©t2006 IEEE .
2. L. Ramya Stephygraph1, N. Arunkumar2 and V. Venkatraman
“Wireless Mobile Robot Control through Human Machine Interface
using Brain Signals ” 2015 International Conference on Smart Technologies and
Managementfor Computing, Communication, Controls, Energy and Materials (ICSTM),Vel
Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, T.N.,
India. 6 - 8 May 2015. pp.596-603. 978-1-4799-9855-5/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE .
3. Teng Teng, Luzheng Bi, and Xin>an Fan “Using EEG to Recognize Emergency Situations
forBrain-controlled Vehicles ” 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)June 28 - July 1,
2015. COEX, Seoul, Korea

38. 4. John Mundahl, Jianjun Meng, Jeffrey He, and Bin He, Fellow, IEEE
“Soft Drink Effects on Sensorimotor Rhythm Brain Computer Interface Performance and Resting-State
Spectral Power ” 978-1-4577-0220-4/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
5. Team 3517 – Amjad Chatila, Jason Van Asdlan, Joseph Bitz, Henry Barrow, Manuel Fimbres,
McKay Crowder “Portable Brainwave Monitor ” The sponsor for this project is Rod Burt with Texas
Instruments