This document provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It discusses the human brain and electroencephalography. It describes two approaches to BCI - pattern recognition based on mental tasks and operant conditioning based on self-regulation of EEG signals. The document outlines the hardware, software, and basic working process of BCI systems. It also covers feedback types, drawbacks, innovators in the field, and applications of BCI technologies. The conclusion evaluates experiments with an adaptive brain interface system.

1. G.BHADRA
1

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 THE HUMAN BRAIN
 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
 BCI APPROACHES
 HARDWARE & SOFTAWARE REQUIRED
 HOW BCI WORKS
 BCI FEEDBACK
 DRAWBACKS & INNOVATORS
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
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3. INTRODUCTION
 THE BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE.
 BCI Systems are systems
that uses Brain signals (Electrical,
Magnetic , Metabolic) to Control
external devices such as
computers, switches, wheelchairs,
or neuroprosthesses .
Various Techniques used:
FMRI, MEG, PET, SPECT,
Optical brain imaging , single
Neuron recording (with micro-
Electrodes) & ElectroEnce –
phaloGraphy (EEG).
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4. THE HUMAN BRAIN
 MAJOR PART OF BRAIN WHICH SUPPORTS BCI
 Brain divided in 4 parts:
 Cerebral Cortex
 Cerebellum
 Brain stem
 Hypothalamus & Thalamus
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Fig 3: Human Brain

5. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG)
 CONCEPT OF EEG
 PROPERTIES OF EEG:
 RYTHMIC BRAIN ACTIVITY,
 COMMON EEG FREQUENCY
RANGES,
 EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS
(ERP`S),
 EVENT RELATED DESYNCHRO-
NIZATION (ERD)
 EVENT RELATED SYNCHRINIZATION (ERS)
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Fig 4 : EEG frequency

6. BCI APPROACHES
 TWO DIFFERENT BCI APPROACHES :
 PATTERN RECOGNITION APPROACH BASED ON MENTAL TASK .
 OPERANT CONDITIONING APPROACH BASED ON SELF REGULATION OF EEG .
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7. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 ELECTROENCEPHALO PROCESSOR MODEL H11 (EEPH11)
 EEG DEVICE
 ELECTRODE CAP
 EEG AMPLIFIERE
 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
 COMPUTER OR SUBJECT SCREEN
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8. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 EEP H11 SERVER
 ABI LEARNING PROGRAME
 ABI ONLINE PROGRAME
 ABI VISUALIZATION PROGRAME
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9. HOW BCI WORKS
 IT HAS SIX STAGES:
 GENERATION OF
SIGNALS FROM BRAIN
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10. HOW BCI WORKS
 MEASUREMENT OF EEG,
 PREPROCESSING,
 FEATURE EXTRACTION,
 CLASSIFICATION,
 DEVICE CONTROL.
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11. BCI FEEDBACK
 BIOFEEDBACK IN
GENERAL
 EEG BIOFEEDBACK
 FEEDBACKS IN BCI
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Fig 6 : BCI Feedback

12. BCI FEEDBACKS
 EFFECT OF FFEDBACK :
 BENEFICIAL FEEDBACK.
 FURNISHES BENEFICIAL MOTIVATION.
 ENSURES ATTENTION TO THE TASK BY MAINTAINING
SUBJECT`S INTEREST.
 IMPROVES PERFORMANCE BY RAPID REACTION TO WRONG
CLASSIFICATION.
 HARMFUL FEEDBACK.
 FEEDBACK STIMULUS MIGHT PREVENT CONCENTRATION ON
INTERNAL STATES.
 FALSE CLASSIFICATION CAN ELICIT FRUSTRATION & THUS
AFFECT THE EEG RESPONSE.
 VISUAL FEEDBACK STIMULUS AFFECT ALPHA RHYTHM .
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13. BCI DRAWBACKS
 THE DRAWBACKS OF BCI :
 THE BRAIN IS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX,
 THE SIGNAL IS WEAK & PRONE TO INTERFENCE,
 THE EQUIPMENTS IS LESS THAN PORTABLE,
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14. BCI INNOVATORS
 PIONEERS
 NASA
 CYBERKINETICS NEUROTECHNOLOGY SYSTEM,
 JAPANESE REASERCH TEAM
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15. APPLICATIONS OF BCI
 CONTROL A ROBOT
 PLAYING GAMES
 FOR PHYSICALLY WEAK PERSONS TO HANDLE THE COMPUTER
 CURSOR CONTROL
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16. CONCLUSION
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In this work EEG-based brain computer interface systems
were reviewed and compared. Experiments lasting five days
with three subjects were done with the new Adaptive Brain
Interface system.
The comparison of the BCI systems, especially their
training duration and performance, proved to be difficult.
This was because the results were reported differently in most
of the papers. Reporting the experiments and results should
be standardized.