Bragg's law describes the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. It was first proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg in 1913 to explain the patterns produced when X-rays interact with crystalline solids. Bragg's law states that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between scattered waves is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. This leads to peaks in the diffraction pattern. The Braggs were awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work determining crystal structures using X-ray diffraction and Bragg's law.
In this slide contains Principle, Methods, Interpretation and applications of XRD.
Presented by: Udit Narayan Singh (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains Principle, Methods, Interpretation and applications of XRD.
Presented by: Udit Narayan Singh (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER, anantpur.
Types of crystals & Application of x raykajal pradhan
some basic information:-
A crystal lattice is a 3-D arrangement of unit cells.
Unit cell is the smallest unit of a crystal, By stacking identical unit cells, the entire lattice can be constructed
A crystal’s unit cell dimensions are defined by six numbers, the lengths of the 3 axes, a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles, α, β and γ.
If a unit cell has the same type of atom at the corners of the unit cell but not also in the middle of the faces nor in the centre of the cell, it is called primitive and given by symbol P
7 types of crystal system details
14 bravis lattice
APPLICATION X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
1. Structure of crystals
2. Polymer characterisation
3. State of anneal in metals
4. Particle size determination
a) Spot counting method
b) Broadening of diffraction lines
c) Low-angle scattering
5.Applications of diffraction methods to complexes
a) Determination of cis- trans isomerism
b) Determination of linkage isomerism
6.Miscellaneous applications
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
Types of crystals & Application of x raykajal pradhan
some basic information:-
A crystal lattice is a 3-D arrangement of unit cells.
Unit cell is the smallest unit of a crystal, By stacking identical unit cells, the entire lattice can be constructed
A crystal’s unit cell dimensions are defined by six numbers, the lengths of the 3 axes, a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles, α, β and γ.
If a unit cell has the same type of atom at the corners of the unit cell but not also in the middle of the faces nor in the centre of the cell, it is called primitive and given by symbol P
7 types of crystal system details
14 bravis lattice
APPLICATION X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
1. Structure of crystals
2. Polymer characterisation
3. State of anneal in metals
4. Particle size determination
a) Spot counting method
b) Broadening of diffraction lines
c) Low-angle scattering
5.Applications of diffraction methods to complexes
a) Determination of cis- trans isomerism
b) Determination of linkage isomerism
6.Miscellaneous applications
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
More information and resources at - http://ow.ly/yq3OR
2014 is the UNESCO International Year of Crystallography, celebrating 100 years since X-ray diffraction allowed scientists to study the detailed structure of crystalline materials. Now crystallography is used in practically all science disciplines, from geologists analysing and dating meteorites to chemists synthesising brand new drugs to fight disease. Advanced technology, including synchrotrons and electron microscopes, now allow scientists to ‘see’ the structure of a variety of materials, including proteins, viruses, and drugs.
This session will feature Prof Andrea Gerson, who uses crystallography in her current research at UniSA. Andrea is internationally recognised, and can speak firsthand about the exciting work happening at the Australian Synchrotron. Teachers watching online will be able to ask Andrea questions using the RiAus chatroll.
This online session, targeted at Years 7-10 teachers, will outline the scientific principles behind crystallography, how it is being used currently and the problems it could help to solve in the future. Potential career paths and in-class activities will also be discussed.
An Introduction to Crystallography, Elements of crystals crystal systems: Cubic (Isometric) System,Tetragonal System, Orthorhombic System, Hexagonal System; Trigonal System, Monoclinic System, Triclinic System
Crystal Structures and X-Ray Diffraction - Sultan LeMarcslemarc
Report on the investigation of the characteristics of X-rays by measuring the count rate of X-rays reflected off alkali halide crystals at varying angles of incidence and using the principles of Bragg’s law. The experiment probes into crystal structures using X-ray diffractometry and deduces the lattice constants and ionic radii using the Miller index notation. The experiment successfully computes the characteristic wavelengths of Copper and clearly demonstrates the effect of filters on spectrum intensities. The interpretation of Miller indices and diffraction patterns are effectively used to analyse crystalline structures and compare lattice arrangements. By Sultan LeMarc
X ray, invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. The wavelength range for X rays is from about 10-8 m to about 10-11 m, the corresponding frequency range is from about 3 × 1016 Hz to about 3 × 1019 Hz.
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Instrumentation
Methods
Applications
Advantages
Limitation
Conclusion
References
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one of the most important non-destructive tools to analyze all kinds of matter—ranging from fluids, to powders and crystals. From research to production and engineering, XRD is an indispensable method for materials characterization and quality control.
X-ray diffraction techniques are used for the identification of crystalline phases of various materials and the quantitative phase analysis subsequent to the identification.
X-ray diffraction techniques are superior in elucidating the three-dimensional atomic structure of crystalline solids.
Bragg diffraction and the de Broglie hypothesisSatyavan65
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Just change the name and cover page.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Bragg’s law
1. BRAGG’S LAW
Presented By
MD NURUDDIN
RUPESH KR SHAH
SHARDA
UNIVERSITY
2. BRAGG’S LAW
Bragg's law gives the angles for coherent
and incoherent scattering from a crystal
lattice. When X-rays are incident on
an atom, they make the electronic
cloudmove as does any electromagnetic
wave. The movement of these charges re-
radiates waves with the same frequency this
phenomenon is known as Rayleigh
scattering (or elastic scattering).
3.
4. A similar process occurs
upon scattering neutron waves from
the nuclei. These re-emitted wave
fields interfere with each other either
constructively or destructively producing a
diffraction pattern on a detector or film. The
resulting wave interference pattern is the
basis of diffraction analysis. This analysis is
called Bragg diffraction.
5.
6. Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg
formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first
proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William
Henry Braggin 1913 in response to their discovery
that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns
of reflected X-rays.The concept of Bragg
diffraction applies equally to neutron
diffraction and electron diffraction processes.
7.
8. W. L. Bragg explained this result by
modeling the crystal as a set of discrete
parallel planes separated by a constant
parameter d. It was proposed that the
incident X-ray radiation would produce a
Bragg peak if their reflections off the various
planes interfered constructively. The
interference is constructive when the phase
shift is a multiple of 2π;
9. So Bragg’s law given as
Where n is an integer,
Lambda is a wavelength of incident wave,
d is the space between the plane in atomic lattice,
is the angle between incident ray and the scattering
plane.
10. Bragg's Law was derived by physicist Sir William
Lawrence Bragg in 1912 and first presented on 11
November 1912 to theCambridge Philosophical Society.
Although simple, Bragg's law confirmed the existence
of real particles at the atomic scale, as well as
providing a powerful new tool for studying crystals in
the form of X-ray and neutron diffraction.
11. William Lawrence Bragg and his father, Sir
William Henry Bragg, were awarded
the Nobel Prize in physics in 1915 for their
work in determining crystal structures
beginning with NaCl, ZnS, and diamond.
12. Bragg diffraction occurs when electromagnetic radiation or
subatomic particle waves with wavelength comparable to atomic
spacings are incident upon a crystalline sample, are scattered in a
specular fashion by the atoms in the system, and undergo
constructive interference in accordance to Bragg's law. For a
crystalline solid, the waves are scattered from lattice planes
separated by the interplanar distance d. Where the scattered
waves interfere constructively, they remain in phase since the
path length of each wave is equal to an integer multiple of the
wavelength. The path difference between two waves undergoing
constructive interference is given by 2dsinθ, where θ is the
scattering angle. This leads to Bragg's law, which describes the
condition for constructive interference from
successive crystallographic planes.