In this slide contains Principle, Methods, Interpretation and applications of XRD.
Presented by: Udit Narayan Singh (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains Principle, Methods, Interpretation and applications of XRD.
Presented by: Udit Narayan Singh (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER, anantpur.
Production of X rays, Different X ray diffraction methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder technique, Types of crystals and applications of X-ray Diffraction
X ray, invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. The wavelength range for X rays is from about 10-8 m to about 10-11 m, the corresponding frequency range is from about 3 × 1016 Hz to about 3 × 1019 Hz.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
2. X-ray crystallography is a technique used for
determining the atomic and molecular structure of a
crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of
incident X-rays to diffract into many specific
directions.
We use an X-ray beam to “hit” the crystallized
molecule. The electrons surrounding the molecule
diffract as the X-rays hit them. This forms a pattern,
this type of pattern is called the X-ray diffraction
INTRODUCTION
3. Wilhelm Roentgen
Max von Laue
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen who called them x - rays
because the nature at first was unknown so, x-rays are also called Roentgen
rays. X-ray diffraction in crystals was discovered by Max von Laue. The
wavelength range is 0.01 to about 10 nm or 0.1 to 100 A˚.
X-rays are short wave length electromagnetic radiations produced by the deceleration
of high energy electrons or by electronic transitions of electrons in the inner orbital of
atoms
The penetrating power of x-rays depends on energy also, there are two types of x-rays.
i) Hard x-rays: which have high frequency and have more energy.
ii)Soft x-rays: which have less frequency and have low energy.
5. Why Xrays ?
An electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass
through many materials opaque to light.
The wavelength of X-ray photons is on the order of the distance between atomic nuclei
in solids (bonds are roughly 1.5-2.5Å)
6. Why Crystal ?
Researchers crystallize an atom or molecule, because the precise position of each atom
in a molecule can only be determined if the molecule is crystallized.
If the molecule or atom is not in a crystallized form, the X-rays will diffract
unpredictably and the data retrieved will be too difficult if not impossible to
understand
7.
8. X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Diffraction is the slight bending of
light as it passes around the edge of
an object.
X-ray crystallography uses the
uniformity of light diffraction of
crystals to determine the structure
of molecule or atom
This type of pattern is known as X-
ray diffraction pattern.
9. BRAGG’SLAW
There is a definite relationship between the angle at which a beam of Xrays must fall
on the parallel planes of atoms in a crystal in order that there be strong reflection, the
wavelength of the Xrays, and the distance betweenthe crystal planes
2d sinƟ =nλ
Here dis the spacing between diffracting planes, Ɵis the incident angle, n is any
integer, and λis the wavelength of the beam.
10. When an incident x-ray beam hits a scatterer, scattered x-rays are emitted in all
directions. Most of the scattering wave fronts are out of phase interfere
destructively. Some sets of wave fronts are in phase and interfere constructively.
A crystal is composed of many repeating unit cells in 3-dimensions, and therefore,
acts like a 3-dimensional diffraction grating. The constructive interference from a
diffracting crystal is observed as a pattern of points on the detector. The relative
positions of these points are related mathematically to the crystal’s unit celldimensions.
Destructive Interference Constructive Interference
INTERFERENCE
11. X-Ray scattered from different atoms interfere with one another either
constructively or destructively.
12. Production of x-rays (Source Of X-Rays)
Collimator
Monochromator
a.Filter
b.Crystal Monochromator
Detectors
a.Photographic methods b.Counter methods
INSTRUMENTATION
1
2
13. Production of X-Rays
X-rays are produced whenever a
charged particles are accelerated.
This Instrument is called as
Coolidge tube or x-ray tube.
X-rays are generated when high
velocity electrons strike on a
metal target.
A source of electrons – hot
tungsten filament, a high
accelerating voltage between the
cathode (W) and the anode and a
metal target, Cu, Al, Mo, Mg.
The anode is a water-cooled
block of Cu containing desired
target metal.
14. A monochromator is an
optical device that
transmits a
mechanically selectable
narrow band of
wavelengths of light or
other radiation chosen
from a wider range of
wavelengths available at
the input.
Monochromator
15. Types Of
Monochromators
Monochromatization can be broadly divided intotwo,
1.Interference Filters
2.Crystal Monochromator
Crystal Monochromators can be again divided into two
i)Flat crystal Monochromator
ii)Curved crystal Monochromator
16. Interference Filters
X-ray beam may be partly monochromatized by
insertion of a suitable filter.
A filter is a window of material that absorbs
undesirable radiation but allows the radiation of
required wavelength to pass.
Interference filters contain several optical layers
deposited on a glass substrate or transparent
quartz. The specific performance characteristics
of the filter are determined by the thickness of the
optical layers.
17. Crystal monochromators are made up of suitable crystalline material positioned in the x-
ray beam so that the angle of reflecting planes satisfied the Bragg’s equation for the
required wavelength the beam is split up into component wavelengths crystals used in
monochromators are made up of materials like NaCl, lithium fluoride , quartz etc.
Pyrolytic graphite can be used for broad band and silicon for narrow band.
Crystal Monochromator
18. Detectors
X-ray detectors are devices used to measure the flux, spatial distribution,
spectrum, and other properties of X-rays
The x-ray intensities can be measured and
recorded either by
1)Photographic method
2)Counter methods:-
Geiger - Muller tube counter
Scintillation detector
Semi conductor detectors
19. Photographic method
To record the position and intensity of x-ray
beam a plane or cylindrical film is used.
The film after exposing to x-ray is
developed
20. Geiger tube is filled with inert gas like
argon
Central wire anodeis maintained at a
positive potential of 800 to 1500V.
The electron is accelerated by the
potential gradient and causes the
ionization of large number of argon
atoms, resulting in the production of
avalanche of electrons that are
travelling towards central anode
Geiger - Muller tube counter
21. In a scintillation detector there is large sodium iodide crystal activated with a
small amount of thallium
When x-ray is incident upon crystal , the pulses ofvisible light are emitted which can be detected
by a photo multiplier tube
Useful for measuring x-ray of short wavelength
Crystals used in scintillation detectors include sodium iodide ,anthracene, napthalene and p-
terphenol
Scintillation Detector
22. When x-ray falls on silicon lithium drifted detector an electron
(-e) and a hole (+e)
Pure silicon made up with thin film of lithium metal plated onto
one end
Under the influence of voltage electrons moves towards +ve
charge and
holes towards –ve
Voltage generated is measure of the x-ray intensity falling on
crystal
Upon arriving at lithium pulse is generated
Voltage of pulse=q/c; q-total charge collected on electrode, c-
detector capacity.
Semi-conductor
detectors
24. Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
First step to take a crystal. Crystal should be sufficient large (large than 0.1 mm in all
dimensions), pure in composition & regular in structure with no internal defects. Then
crystal placed in intense beam of xrays of single wavelength. Angles & intensities of
diffracted xrays measured. As crystal gradually rotated previous reflection disappear & new
one appears. Intensity of every spot is recorded & multiple data sets collected. Then these
data sets combined computationally with chemical information to produce a model of
arrangement of atoms within crystal
25. Single crystal mounted with one axis normal to a monochromatic x-ray beam
Cylindrical film placed around the sample
As sample rotates, some sets of planes momentarily satisfy Bragg condition
When film is laid flat, a series of horizontal lines appears
Because crystal rotates about a single axis, possible Bragg angles are limited - not every
plane is able to produce a diffracted spot
Sometimes used to determine unknown crystal structures
Rotating Crystal Method
26. Fine powder is struck on a hair with a gum ,it is suspended vertically in the axis of a cylindrical
camera
When monochromatic beam is allowed to pass different possibilities may happen
1.There will be some particles out of random orientation of small crystals in the fine powder
2.Another fraction of grains will have another set of planes in the correct positions for the reflections to
occur
3.Reflections are possible in different orders for each set
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used
for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on
unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and
average bulk composition is determined.
Powder Crystal Method
27. APPLICATIONS
27
1. Structure of crystals
2. Polymer
characterisatio
n
3. State of anneal in
metals
4. Particle size
determination
a) Spot counting method
b) Broadening of
diffraction lines
c) Low-angle scattering
5.Applications of
diffraction
methods to
complexes
a) Determination of
cis- trans
isomerism
b) Determination of
linkage isomerism
6.Miscellaneous
applications
28. 1.STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS
a-x-ray pattern of salt Nacl
b-x-ray pattern of salt Kcl
c-x-ray pattern of mixture of Nacl &Kcl
d-x-ray pattern of a powder mixed
crystal of Nacl &Kcl
29. 2.POLYMER CHARACTERISATION
Determine degree of crystanillity
Non-crystalline portion scatters x-ray beam to give a
continuous background(amorphous materials)
Crystalline portion causes diffraction lines that are not
continuous.(crystalline materials)
30. 3.State of anneal in metals:
XRD is used to test the metals without removing the part from
its position and without weakening it.
31. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
Soil classification based on crystallinity
Analysis of industrial dusts
Assessment of weathering & degradation of minerals &
polymers
Study of corrosion products
Examination of tooth enamel &dentine
Examination of bone state &tissue state
Structure of DNA& RNA