X-ray diffraction is a non-destructive technique used to identify crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern of X-rays hitting a sample. Crystalline materials consist of atoms arranged in a regular repeating pattern that causes X-rays to diffract in specific directions. The diffraction pattern is compared to known patterns to determine the sample's structure and composition. X-ray diffraction is used in fields like solid-state physics, biophysics, and chemistry to study materials at the atomic scale.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a versatile non-destructive analytical technique used to analyze physical properties such as phase composition, crystal structure and orientation of powder, solid and liquid samples. Many materials are made up of tiny crystallites. The chemical composition and structural type of these crystals is called their 'phase'. Materials can be single phase or multiphase mixtures and may contain crystalline and non-crystalline components. In an X-ray diffractometer, different crystalline phases give different diffraction patterns. Phase identification can be performed by comparing X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from unknown samples to patterns in reference databases.
principles:
X-Ray Diffraction is the result of constructive interference between X-rays and a crystalline sample. The wavelength of the X-rays used is of the same order of magnitude of the distance between the atoms in a crystalline lattice. This gives rise to a diffraction pattern that can be analysed in a number of ways, the most popular being applying the famous Bragg’s Law (nλ=2d sin θ) which is used in the measurement of crystals and their phases.
Applictions:
Many researchers, in industrial as well as in scientific laboratories, rely on X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a tool to develop new materials or to improve production efficiency. Innovations in X-ray diffraction closely follow the research on new materials, such as in semiconductor technologies or pharmaceutical investigations. Industrial research is directed toward the ever-increasing speed and efficiency of production processes. Fully automated X-ray diffraction analyses in mining and building materials production sites result in more cost-effective solutions for production control.
The main uses of X-ray diffraction are:
Qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of pure substances and mixtures. The most common method for phase analysis is often called 'X-ray powder diffraction' (XRPD).
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a versatile non-destructive analytical technique used to analyze physical properties such as phase composition, crystal structure and orientation of powder, solid and liquid samples. Many materials are made up of tiny crystallites. The chemical composition and structural type of these crystals is called their 'phase'. Materials can be single phase or multiphase mixtures and may contain crystalline and non-crystalline components. In an X-ray diffractometer, different crystalline phases give different diffraction patterns. Phase identification can be performed by comparing X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from unknown samples to patterns in reference databases.
principles:
X-Ray Diffraction is the result of constructive interference between X-rays and a crystalline sample. The wavelength of the X-rays used is of the same order of magnitude of the distance between the atoms in a crystalline lattice. This gives rise to a diffraction pattern that can be analysed in a number of ways, the most popular being applying the famous Bragg’s Law (nλ=2d sin θ) which is used in the measurement of crystals and their phases.
Applictions:
Many researchers, in industrial as well as in scientific laboratories, rely on X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a tool to develop new materials or to improve production efficiency. Innovations in X-ray diffraction closely follow the research on new materials, such as in semiconductor technologies or pharmaceutical investigations. Industrial research is directed toward the ever-increasing speed and efficiency of production processes. Fully automated X-ray diffraction analyses in mining and building materials production sites result in more cost-effective solutions for production control.
The main uses of X-ray diffraction are:
Qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of pure substances and mixtures. The most common method for phase analysis is often called 'X-ray powder diffraction' (XRPD).
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Instrumentation
Methods
Applications
Advantages
Limitation
Conclusion
References
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one of the most important non-destructive tools to analyze all kinds of matter—ranging from fluids, to powders and crystals. From research to production and engineering, XRD is an indispensable method for materials characterization and quality control.
X-ray diffraction techniques are used for the identification of crystalline phases of various materials and the quantitative phase analysis subsequent to the identification.
X-ray diffraction techniques are superior in elucidating the three-dimensional atomic structure of crystalline solids.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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2. What is X-ray diffraction?
non-destructive analytical
technique for identification
and quantitative
determination of the various
crystalline forms, known as
‘phases’.
Identification is achieved
by comparing the X-ray
diffraction pattern
3. What is X-ray diffraction?
Crystalline substances (e.g. minerals) consist of
parallel rows of atoms separated by a ‘unique’ distance
Diffraction occurs when radiation enters a crystalline
substance and is scattered
Direction and intensity of diffraction depends on
orientation of crystal lattice with radiation
4. History of X-Ray Diffraction
1895 X-rays discovered by
Roentgen
1914 First diffraction pattern of a
crystal made by Knipping
and von Laue
1915 Theory to determine crystal
structure from diffraction
pattern developed by
Bragg.
1953 DNA structure solved by
Watson and Crick
Now Diffraction improved by
computer technology;
methods used to determine
atomic structures and in
medical applications
5. Basic Components Of XRD Machine
Monochromatic X-ray
source ()
Sample-finely powdered
or polished surface-may
be rotated against the
center – (goniometer).
Data collector- such as
film, strip chart or
magnetic
medium/storage.
6. How Diffraction Works?
Wave Interacting with a Single Particle
Incident beams scattered uniformly in all directions
Wave Interacting with a Solid
Scattered beams interfere constructively in some
directions, producing diffracted beams
Random arrangements cause beams to randomly
interfere and no distinctive pattern is produced
Crystalline Material
Regular pattern of crystalline atoms produces
regular diffraction pattern.
Diffraction pattern gives information on crystal
structure
9. Crystal Lattice
A crystal lattice is a regular three dimension
distribution (cubic, tetragonal, etc.) of atoms in
space. These are arrange so that they form a
series of parallel planes separated from one
another by a distance d, which varies according
to the nature of the material. For any crystal
planes exist in a number of different
orientations- each with its own specific d-
spacing
10. Factors that affect XRD data
Sample not powdered fine enough
May not give all d-spacing data (not random
enough)
Analysis too fast (degrees/minute)
May not give accurate peak data
Mixture of minerals??
Not crystalline – glass!!
11. Applications of X-Ray Diffraction
Find structure to determine function of
proteins
Convenient three letter acronym: XRD
Distinguish between different crystal
structures with identical compositions
Study crystal deformation and stress
properties
Study of rapid biological and chemical
processes
Crystallographic applications
12. X-ray diffraction is important for:
Solid-state physics
Biophysics
Medical physics
Chemistry and Biochemistry