A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
Administration Regulations Chapter xxiv - Loans
A loan is a debt provided by an entity (organization or individual) to another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a promissory note which specifies, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and date of repayment.
Administration Regulations Chapter xxxii - Political RightsRavi Kumudesh
Administration Regulations Chapter xxxii - Political Rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.
Hospital Hospitality and Strategic Management by Ravi KumudeshRavi Kumudesh
Topic;
How Delight your External and Internal Customers as a Medical Laboratory Managers
Workshop conducted by:
Education, Training and Research Division, Ministry of Health.
Lecture Delivered by:
Mr. Ravi Kumudesh - President, Sri Lanka Society for Medical Laboratory Science
Venue; Medical Research Institute
Date: On September 7, 2015
Audience:
Supervisory Managers for Medical Laboratory Service, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
Highlights:
“ We are the best !”
Why we continue to fool ourselves ...?
“The patient will never care how much you know, until they know how much you care !”
Essential Elements of Laboratory Management
Human resource management
Quality management
Procurement and supplies management
Laboratory equipment management
Laboratory information management
Safety and waste management
Laboratory finance management
Specific Management Skills
Handling conflicts
Motivating employees
Solving problems
Handling information
Growing and developing
Controlling the environment
Organizing and coordinating
Our mission and purpose Should be…
"To cure sometimes,
to relieve often,
to comfort always"
SLSMLS Research Day' 2016 - Introductory Speech By President (SLSMLS)Ravi Kumudesh
SLSMLS Research Day' 2016 Introductory Speech
Transcript
“Research Culture and Ethic Review at Medical Research Institute”
Dr. (Mrs) Geethani Galagoda
Consultant Virologist / Secretary, MRI Research Committee
“Basic Steps in Scientific Research”
Mr. Sunil De Silva
Head, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
Faculty of Health Sciences
Open University of Sri Lanka
“Role of supervisor in research and what does supervisors expect”
Prof. Sugandika Suresh
Head, Department of Biochemistry,
University of Sri Jayawardanapura
“Confocal microscopy in biomedical research”
Mr. Rishi Kant
Application Specialist, Carl Zeiss GmbH
“Novel Research topics in your lab”
Mrs. Randika Wimalairi
Lecturer, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Open University of Sri Lanka
“Important Strategies for Medical Laboratory Science
Research”
Dr. (Mrs) Nalini Vithana
Consultant for World Health Organization
Panel Discussion
Dr. (Mrs) Nalini Vithana, WHO Consultant (Chair), Dr. Sunil De Alwis (DDG/ET & R), Dr. Anil Jasinghe, Director (NHSL), Dr. Sumith Ananda, Director (MRI), Mrs. Rangika Vimalasiri, Lecturer (FoHS, OUSL), Mr. RM Danapala, Principal (College of MLT, MRI), Mr. Chaminda Karunaratne (lecturer, KDU), Mr. Ravi Kumudesh, President (SLSMLS/SlagMLT)
SLSMLS 2016
• A blood group also called a Blood Type.
• Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group
system.
A blood group also called a Blood Type
Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.
ABO blood types are also present in some other animals for example rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.
BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING.
overview of blood grouping
History
classification of blood typing
ABO SYTEM
INTRODUCTION ON ABO SYSTEM AND KARL LANSTIENER
LANSTEINER'S LAW
PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES
RH SYSTEM INCLUDING RH ANTIGEN AND POITIVE AND NEGATIVE BLOOD GROUPS
BLOOD GROUP COMPATABILITY
EXPLANATION ON CROSS MATCHING
TYPES OF CROSS MATCHING INCLUDING MAJOR AND MINOR
NOTE ON UNIVERSAL DONOR AND RECIPIENT
AGGLUTINATION
Bio Whepon and COVID 19 - Is Corona Virus a Bio Weapon?Ravi Kumudesh
Is Corona Virus a Bio Weapon?
The Internet was brimming with conspiracies about the coronavirus, and, perhaps, one of the most prominent ones was that the virus could be a bioweapon.
According to an ET Prime report, a group of Chinese scientists in Canada were accused of spying and were stripped of their access to Canada’s National Microbiology Lab (NML) which is known to work on some of the most deadly pathogens.The alleged ‘policy breach’, highlighted the bioweapon program of other countries including China. Dr Francis Boyle, the creator of Bio Weapons Act, also claims that ‘the coronavirus is an offensive biological warfare weapon with DNA-genetic engineering’.Again, the claims about coronavirus being a biological weapon are unsubstantiated.
Novel Coronavirus thought to have transferred to Human from the seafood market in Wuhan, China become a one of the most dangerous viruses in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. According to the literature, the genome size of RNA of this viruses are greater than 20 kilobases.
Genetic engineers has committed to change the genes of some organisms to create new features of them, and this can be applied for the Coronavirus as well.
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR (i.e., in real time), not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
The reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a sensitive technique for the quantification of steady-state mRNA levels, particularly in samples with limited quantities of extracted RNA, or for analysis of low level transcripts. The procedure amplifies defined mRNA transcripts by taking advantage of retroviral enzymes with reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, coupled to PCR.
Laboratory quality towards patient centered careRavi Kumudesh
“Providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs and values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions, It includes listening to, informing and involving patients in their care”
Total quality management for medical labs ravi kumudeshRavi Kumudesh
Ensuring establishment of QMS
Implementation and Maintain QMS
Maintain Quality policy
Assist to documentation of Quality Objective
Assist to establishment of Quality Objective
Crate awareness of users in the lab
Assist preparation, administration, dissemination and regular review of quality Manual
Assist to maintaining document Control System,
Maintain Technical Records
Assist to control clinical material
Participate to Management Review
Total Quality Management for Medical Labs - Ravi KumudeshRavi Kumudesh
Duties of Qualty Manager
Ensuring establishment of QMS
Implementation and Maintain QMS
Maintain Quality policy
Assist to documentation of Quality Objective
Assist to establishment of Quality Objective
Crate awareness of users in the lab
Assist preparation, administration, dissemination and regular review of quality Manual
Assist to maintaining document Control System,
Maintain Technical Records
Assist to control clinical material
Participate to Management Review
Accuracy of Laboratory Parameters in Management of CKD.Ravi Kumudesh
New model for Health care delivery is suggesting to replace traditional health care organisational structure in Sri Lanka. This type of innovation is essential for "Non Patient" type healthcare receivers, such as "Healthy healthcare receivers" and "Risk Groups".
This topic is inspired by Secretary, CMLS.SL at the Annual Academic Sessions of DiASL on April 22, 2017.
CMLS.SL - College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sri Lanka
DiASL - Dietetic Association of Sri Lanka
Accuracy of Laboratory Parameters in Management of CKD and NCDRavi Kumudesh
New model for Health care delivery is suggesting to replace traditional health care organisational structure in Sri Lanka. This type of innovation is essential for "Non Patient" type healthcare receivers, such as "Healthy healthcare receivers" and "Risk Groups".
This topic is inspired by Secretary, CMLS.SL at the Annual Academic Sessions of DiASL on April 22, 2017.
CMLS.SL - College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sri Lanka
DiASL - Dietetic Association of Sri Lanka
This seems to fit in with a campaign explicitly aimed at linking trade unionists with terrorist insurgents. Key trade union activists who participated in the Fort Railway Station protest on 6 February are now being publicly accused of being covert terrorist operatives. Since 8 February, posters depicting trade union leaders as traitors and terrorists have begun to appear in many parts of the country, calling for their arrest. Anton Marcus of the Free Trade Zone and General Services Employees' Union (FTZGSEU), which is affiliated to the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation (ITGLWF), Sman Ratnapriya and Ravi Kumudesh of the Health Sector Trade Union Alliance (HSTUA), Sampath Rajitha and Raja Kannangara of the Joint Railway Trade Union Alliance (JRTUA), and Joseph Stalin of the Ceylon Teachers' Union (CTU) are among the targeted trade unionists.
Administration Regulations - Management Hierarchy for Ministry of HealthRavi Kumudesh
Administration Regulations - Management Hierarchy for Ministry of Health
The three levels of management typically found in an organization are low-level management, middle-level management, and top-level management. Top-level managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization.
Administration Regulations Chapter xlviii - Disciplinary Action
Staff Employee Disciplinary Action: When and How to Take It. Disciplining employees is a difficult part of supervision and management. It is important that you address performance issues as they arise and pursue a progressive approach to discipline.
Healthcare Management for Change
Lecture By Ravi kumudesh,
President, College of Medical Laboratory Science
for Allied Health Science Graduates
On December 09, 2016
at National Institute of Health Science, Sri Lanka
“Management is the art of “knowing what you want to do” and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way. ……F.W.Taylor
Strategist Management
"The Art and Science of Formulating, Implementing, and Evaluating Cross-Functional Decisions That Enable an Organization to Achieve It’s Objectives"
Management as a process “consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objective by the use of people and resources.”
……George R. Terry
Guide to Professional Success by Ravi KumudeshRavi Kumudesh
"Guide to Professional Success"
Management training for Allied Health Science internship
Lecture By, Ravi Kumudesh
President - Sri Lanka Society for Medical Laboratory Science
December 2, 2016 (1st Group)
December 9, 2016 (2nd group)
National Institute of Health Science (NIHS)
Kaluthara, Sri Lanka
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. The Blood Group Systems
Inheritance and Genetics
Ravi Kumudesh
MSc/BSc / Dip (MLT) / PG Dip(SMgt)
2. History of Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions
•Experiments with blood transfusions
have been carried out for hundreds of
years. Many patients have died and it was
not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl
Landsteiner discovered human blood
groups, that blood transfusions became
safer.
• He found that mixing blood from two
individuals can lead to blood clumping.
The clumped RBCs can crack and cause
toxic reactions. This can be fatal.
http://slsmls.org
3. • Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood
clumping was an immunological reaction
which occurs when the receiver of a blood
transfusion has antibodies against the donor
blood cells.
•Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to
determine blood types and thus paved the
way for blood transfusions to be carried out
safely. For this discovery he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1930.
History of Blood Groups and Blood
Transfusions (Cont.)
4. Of What is Blood Made?
An adult human has about 4–6 liters of
blood circulating in the body.
Blood consists of several types of cells
floating around in a fluid called plasma.
The red blood cells (RBCs) contain
haemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen.
RBCs transport oxygen to, and remove
carbon dioxide from the tissues.
The white blood cells fight infection.
The platelets help the blood to clot, if you
get a wound for example.
The plasma contains salts and various
kinds of proteins.
5. •The differences in human blood are due to the
presence or absence of certain protein molecules
called antigens and antibodies.
•The antigens are located on the surface of the
RBCs and the antibodies are in the blood
plasma.
•Individuals have different types and
combinations of these molecules.
•The blood group you belong to depends on
what you have inherited from your parents.
What are the different blood groups?
6. • There are more than 20 genetically determined
blood group systems known today
• The AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems are the
most important ones used for blood transfusions.
• Not all blood groups are compatible with each
other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to
blood clumping or agglutination, which is
dangerous for individuals.
What are the different blood groups?
7. According to the ABO blood
typing system there are four
different kinds of blood types:
A, B, AB or O (null).
ABO blood grouping system
10. Blood group A
If you belong to the blood
group A, you have A
antigens on the surface of
your RBCs and B
antibodies in your blood
plasma.
Blood group B
If you belong to the blood
group B, you have B
antigens on the surface of
your RBCs and A
antibodies in your blood
plasma.
AB0 blood grouping system
11. Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group
AB, you have both A and B
antigens on the surface of your
RBCs and no A or B antibodies
at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group O
If you belong to the blood group O
(null), you have neither A or B
antigens on the surface of your RBCs
but you have both A and B antibodies
in your blood plasma.
12. • The "A“ and "B" antigens are also produced
by some other plants and microorganisms.
Thus, individuals who do not recognize one or
more of these antigens as "self" will produce
antibodies against the plant or microbial
antigens.
• These antibodies will also react with human
antigens of the same kind whether introduced
via a blood transfusion or a tissue graft.
Why do individuals produce antibodies to
antigens they do not have?
13. • The ABO gene is autosomal (the gene is not on either sex
chromosomes)
• The ABO gene locus is located on the chromosome 9.
• Each person has two copies of genes coding for their ABO blood
group (one maternal and one paternal in origin)
• A and B blood groups are dominant over the O blood group
• A and B group genes are co-dominant
ABO inheritance and genetics
14. AUTOSOMAL
CHROMOSOME
Pete
Susan
one alleles from Pete and one from
Susan.
The alleles for Blood
group are in the same
place on the
chromosome 9. However
the genes have a
different code giving the
different blood group
A B
15. This meant that if a person inherited one A group gene and
one B group gene their red cells would possess both the A and
B blood group antigens.
These alleles were termed A ( which produced the A antigen ),
B (which produced the B antigen) and O (which was "non
functional"and produced no A or B antigen)
What do co-dominant genes mean?
18. The ABO blood groups
• The most important in assuring a safe blood transfusion.
• The table shows the four ABO phenotypes ("blood groups") present
in the human population and the genotypes that give rise to them.
Blood
Group
Antigens
on RBCs
Antibodies in Serum Genotypes
A A Anti-B AA or AO
B B Anti-A BB or BO
AB A and B Neither AB
O Neither Anti-A and anti-B OO
19. Why group A blood must never be
given to a group B person?
Giving someone blood from the wrong ABO
group could be fatal.
The anti-A antibodies in group B attack group
A cells and vice versa.
• Blood group O negative is a different story.
20. Well, it gets more complicated here, because there's
another antigen to be considered - the Rh antigen.
Some of us have it, some of us don't.
If it is present, the blood is RhD positive, if not it's RhD
negative.
So, for example, some people in group A will have it, and
will therefore be classed as A+ (or A positive).
While the ones that don't, are A- (or A negative).
And so it goes for groups B, AB and O.
The Rhesus (Rh) System
21. • Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins with loops
exposed at the surface of red blood cells.
• They appear to be used for the transport of carbon
dioxide and/or ammonia across the plasma membrane.
• They are named for the rhesus monkey in which they
were first discovered.
• RBCs that are "Rh positive" express the antigen
designated D.
• 85% of the population is RhD positive, the other 15% of
the population is running around with RhD negative
blood.
The Rhesus (Rh) System (Cont.)
23. According to above
blood grouping systems,
you can belong to either
of following 8 blood
groups:
Do you know which blood group you
belong to?
24. • A person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies
in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a
person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger
the production of Rh antibodies.
•A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a
person with Rh- blood without any problems.
25. Why is an Rh incompatibility so dangerous
when ABO incompatibility is not during
pregnancy?
• Most anti-A or anti-B antibodies are of the IgM
class (large molecules) and these do not cross the
placenta.
•In fact, an Rh−
/type O mother carrying an
Rh+
/type A, B, or AB foetus is resistant to
sensitisation to the Rh antigen.
•Her anti-A and anti-B antibodies destroy any foetal
cells that enter her blood before they can elicit anti-
Rh antibodies in her.
26. •This phenomenon has led to an effective
preventive measure to avoid Rh sensitisation.
•Shortly after each birth of an Rh+
baby, the
mother is given an injection of anti-Rh
antibodies (or Rhogam).
•These passively acquired antibodies destroy
any foetal cells that got into her circulation
before they can elicit an active immune
response in her.
Rh incompatibility during pregnancy (cont.)
27. The ABO Blood Group System
Laboratory Determination of the
ABO System
28. Several methods for testing the ABO group of an
individual exist. The most common method is:
Serology: This is a direct detection of the ABO
antigens. It is the main method used in blood
transfusion centres and hospital blood banks.
This form of testing involves two components:
a) Antibodies that are specific at detecting a
particular ABO antigen on RBCs.
b) Cells that are of a known ABO group that
are agglutinated by the naturally occurring
antibodies in the person's serum.
29.
30. • Illustration of the forward and reverse
grouping reaction patterns of the ABO
groups using a blood group tile
http://www.bh.rmit.edu.au/mls/subjects/abo/resources/genetics1.htm
31. When RBCs carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the
corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is, clump
together. People usually have antibodies against those red cell
antigens that they lack.
Human RBC before (left) and after (right) adding serum
containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction
reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the
cells.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet
/BiologyPages/B/BloodGroups.html
32. People with blood group O
are called "universal
donors" and people with
blood group AB are called
"universal receivers."
Blood transfusions – who can
receive blood from
whom?
34. Blood
Group
Antigens Antibodies Can give
blood to
Can
receive
blood from
AB A and B None AB AB, A, B, O
A A B A and AB A and O
B B A B and AB B and O
O None A and B AB, A, B, O O