The document outlines the significance and classification of blood groups, focusing on the ABO and Rh systems, including their discovery and features. It describes the process of blood grouping, transfusion compatibility, and potential transfusion reactions. Key concepts such as Landsteiner's law and the roles of different blood groups in transfusion scenarios are also discussed.

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Blood Grouping
Presented By: Lovekesh Singh
Assistant Professor
ISF College Of Pharmacy
Moga, Punjab

2. SCOPE
 To learn and understand about the blood groups and their
significance, transfusion reactions and their adverse effects.

3. OBJECTIVES
• Upon completion of the course, the student shall be
able to:
1. Know the classification and salient features of five
kingdoms of life.
2. Understand the basic components of anatomy and
physiology of plants.
3. Understand the basic components of anatomy and
physiology of animals with special reference to
human beings.

4.  Blood groups
 History
 Blood group Systems
 ABO system
 Mechanism of Blood Clotting
 Rh system
 Transfusion reactions
CONTENTS

5.  A blood group is also called a Blood Type
 Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of
inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells
(RBCs). These antigens, which are inherited, determine the
individual’s blood group
 These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins,
or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system
BLOOD GROUP

6.  KARL LANDSTEINER (1886-1943) discovered
ABO Blood group system in 1901
 Discovered Rh factor in 1930 along with
Alexander S. Wiener
 Noble prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1930
HISTORY

7.  There are many different collections of red cell surface antigens,
but the most important are the ABO and the Rhesus systems.
 ABO System:
 About 55% of the population has either A-type antigens (blood
group A), B-type antigens (blood group B) or both (blood group AB)
on their red cell surface.
 The remaining 45% have neither A nor B type antigens (blood group
O).
BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS

8.  Determination of ABO blood groups depends upon the immunological
reaction between antigen and antibody.
 Landsteiner found two antigens on the surface of RBCs and named
them as A antigen and B antigen.
 These antigens are also called agglutinogens because of their capacity
to cause agglutination of RBCs.
 He noticed the corresponding antibodies or agglutinins in the plasma
and named them anti-A or α-antibody and anti-B or β-antibody.
 However, a particular agglutinogen and the corresponding agglutinin
cannot be present together. If present, it causes clumping of the
blood.
CONT…..

9. LANDSTEINER LAW
• Landsteiner law states that:
1. If a particular agglutinogen (antigen) is present in the RBCs,
corresponding agglutinin (antibody) must be absent in the
serum.
2. If a particular agglutinogen is absent in the RBCs, the
corresponding agglutinin must be present in the serum.
• Though the second part of Landsteiner law is a fact, it is not
applicable to Rh factor.

10.  Based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B,
blood is divided into four groups:
 ‘A’ group
 ‘B’ group
 ‘AB’ group
 ‘O’ group
ABO SYSTEM

11.  Blood having antigen A belongs to ‘A’ group. This blood has β-
antibody in the serum.
 Blood with antigen B and α-antibody belongs to ‘B’ group.
 If both the antigens are present, blood group is called ‘AB’ group
and serum of this group does not contain any antibody.
 If both antigens are absent, the blood group is called ‘O’ group and
both α and β antibodies are present in the serum.
 ‘A’ group has two subgroups namely ‘A1’ and ‘A2’. Similarly ‘AB’
group has two subgroups namely ‘A1B’ and ‘A2B’.
CONT…..

12. ABO SYSTEM OF BLOOD GROUPING

13. IMPORTANCE OF ABO GROUPS IN BLOOD
TRANSFUSION
• During blood transfusion, only compatible blood must be used. While
transfusing the blood, antigen of the donor and the antibody of the recipient
are considered.
• Thus, RBC of ‘O’ group has no antigen and so agglutination does not occur
with any other group of blood. So, ‘O’ group blood can be given to any blood
group persons and the people with this blood group are called ‘universal
donors’.
• Plasma of AB blood group has no antibody. This does not cause agglutination
of RBC from any other group of blood. People with AB group can receive blood
from any blood group persons. So, people with this blood group are called
‘universal recipients’.

14. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
• Transfusion reactions are the adverse reactions in the body, which occur
due to transfusion error that involves transfusion of incompatible
(mismatched) blood.
• The reactions may be mild causing only fever and hives (skin disorder
characterized by itching) or may be severe leading to renal failure, shock
and death.

15. Rh SYSTEM
• About 85% of people have Rhesus (Rh) antigen, or Rhesus factor; they are
Rhesus positive (Rh+) and do not therefore make anti-Rhesus antibodies.
• The remaining 15% have no Rhesus antigen (they are Rh−).
• Rh− individuals are capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies, but are
stimulated to do so only in certain circumstances, e.g. in pregnancy or as the
result of an incompatible blood transfusion.

16. REFERENCES
 Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2013). Ross and Wilson: Anatomy
and Physiology in Health and Illness (12th edition).
Churchill Livinstone
 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski.
Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
 Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P.
Sembulingam. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New
Delhi.
 Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen
J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.

17. Questions
Q-1. What do you mean by blood grouping?
Q-2 Write down a note on ABO system of blood grouping.
Q-3 Write a note on LANDSTEINER LAW.
Q-4 What do you mean by transfusion reactions?
Q-5 Write down a note on Rh system of blood grouping.
Q-6 _______ blood group is known as universal recipient.
Q-7 _______ blood group is known as universal donor.

18. THANKS