The document discusses human blood groups and the Rhesus (Rh) factor. It describes the major blood group systems, including ABO and Rh, which are most important for transfusions. The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on the antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens. Incompatibility between blood groups can cause dangerous clumping of red blood cells during transfusions.

1. Blood Groups.
Gmers Medical College, Val
1st MB
Roll No: 21-
Batch
Mentor: Dr. Divyesh

2. Blood groups and Rhesus factor

3. • The differences in human blood are due to
the presence or absence of certain
protein molecules called antigens and
antibodies.
• The antigens are located on the surface of
the RBCs and the antibodies are in the
blood plasma.
• Individuals have different types and
combinations of these molecules.
• The blood group you belong to depends on
what you have inherited from your
parents.
What are the different blood groups?

4. • There are more than 20 genetically
determined blood group systems known
today
• Eg. ABO System,Rh-System MNS System,
Kell System, Lewis System
• The AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems are
the most important ones used for blood
transfusions.
• Not all blood groups are compatible with
each other. Mixing incompatible blood
groups leads to blood clumping or
agglutination, which is dangerous for
individuals.
What are the different blood groups?

5. Classification Of Blood Groups.
Major Blood Grouping System:
 1-ABO blood group system
 2-Rh blood group system
 because they cause major transfusion reaction.
Minor Blood Grouping System:
 1-MNS blood group system
 2-p blood group system
 because they cause minor transfusion reaction.
Familial Blood Grouping System:
 Kell, Daffy, Lutheran, Lewis, Deigo, and Many
more.

6. According to the ABO blood
typing system there are
four different kinds of
blood types: A, B, AB or O
(null).
ABO blood grouping system

7. Landsteiner Law
It was given by Karl Landsteiner in 1900.
It states that ; If an agglutinogen is present
on the RBC of an individual, the corresponding
agglutinin must be absent in the plasma of
that individual and vice-versa.
This law is only applicable to ABO blood
grouping system.

8. Blood group A
If you belong to
the blood group A,
you have A
antigens on the
surface of your
RBCs and B
antibodies in your
blood plasma.Blood group B
If you belong to
the blood group B,
you have B
antigens on the
surface of your
RBCs and A
antibodies in your
blood plasma.
AB0 blood grouping system

9. Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group
AB, you have both A and
B antigens on the
surface of your RBCs and
no A or B antibodies at
all in your blood plasma.
Blood group O
If you belong to the blood group O
(null), you have neither A or B
antigens on the surface of your
RBCs but you have both A and
B antibodies in your blood
plasma.

10. View Of Different Cells And Antibodies

11. Blood
Gro
up
Antigens Antibodies Can give
bloo
d to
Can
rece
ive
bloo
d
fro
mAB A and B None AB AB, A, B, O
A A B A and AB A and O
B B A B and AB B and O
O None A and B AB, A, B, O O

12. Blood group O is called
"universal donor"
because it has no
antigens on RBC.
Blood group AB are called
"universal
receivers“ because
it has no anti- bodies
in the plasma.

13. The Rhesus (Rh) System

14. Landsteiner and Weiner in 1940 discovered other
antigens in human R.B.Cs and named rhesus
antigens or Rh-antigen because the same
antigens are present in monkey.
One of the basic difference between ABO and Rh
systems is that the Rh antibodies are not natural
i.e. they are not present at birth but are
synthesised in Rh negative persons in response
to the presence of Rh+antigen.
The Rhesus (Rh) System (Cont.)

15. The Rhesus (Rh) System (Cont.)
• Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins
with loops exposed at the surface of red
blood cells.
• They appear to be used for the transport
of carbon dioxide and/or ammonia across
the plasma membrane.
• 85% of the population is RhD positive, the
other 15% of the population is running
around with RhD negative blood.

16. Rh Blood Group and Rh Incompatibility
A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh
antibodies naturally in the blood plasma

17. • A person with Rh- blood develop Rh antibodies
in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood
from a person with Rh+ blood. If such a person
is given Rh+ blood, its anti-Rh antibodies react
with the donor’s Rh antigens and aggulate the
blood.
• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood
from a person with Rh- blood without any
problems.

18. Why is an Rh incompatibility so dangerous
when ABO incompatibility is not during
pregnancy?
Incompatibility is seen between Rh- woman and her foetus. Rh-
woman when married to Rh+ man bears Rh+ foetus.
Although the foetal and maternal blood do not come in
direct contact due to placental barrier, some foetal
R.B.C’s manage to enter the maternal blood stream. The
Rh antigen on their surface induces formation of anti-Rh
antibodies. These antibodies then cross the placenta and
enter the foetus blood circulation and cause a blood
disorder known as erythroblastosis foetalis. The
reaction of Rh-woman against her Rh+offspring becomes
progressively more severe with each subsequent

19. Mis-Matched Blood Transfusion
• The individuals of different blood groups are perfectly
normal but the incompatibility is expressed during blood
transfusion.
• The antibodies of recipients blood reacts against the
antigens of donor’s blood and cause the clumping of
R.B.Cs known as agglutination.
• The agglutination can cause serious consequences and
may prove fatal.
• That is why doctor make careful tests to determine what
blood must safely be used in transfusion.
• The anti- bodies in the plasma must not combine with the
antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, or else

20. Ratio Of Different Blood Group In
Society.

21. Thank You