The document discusses different blood group systems and their significance. It covers the discovery of the ABO blood group system by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh, while minor systems include Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Lutheran. The ABO system categorizes blood as A, B, AB, or O based on antigens on red blood cells. Compatibility in transfusions depends on the absence of antigens and presence of antibodies. People with type O blood are universal donors as they lack A and B antigens, while those with type AB blood are universal recipients.

1. DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS & THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE
Chapter#10

2. • A blood group also called aBlood Type
• Classification of blood is based on the presenceor absenceof inheritedantigenic
substanceson the surfaceof red blood cells (RBCs)
• These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,depending
on the blood group system.
• The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood
group system) in humanblood transfusion.
• ABOblood types are also present in some other animalsfor examplerodentsand apes
such as chimpanzees,bonobos andgorillas.
INTRODUCTION

3. • KarlLandsteinerdiscoveredtheABO Blood Group System in 1901.
• Discovered Rh Factor In 1930 along with AlexanderS. Wiener.
• Adriano Sturli andAlfred von Decastello who were working under
Landsteiner discovered type AB a year laterin 1902Karl Landsteine
• Landsteinerwasawardedthe 1930 Nobel Prize inPhysiologyor Medicine
for his work.
• Janskýis creditedwiththefirst classificationof blood intothefour types(A,B,
AB,O) in 1907, which remains in use today.
• Reuben Ottenberg successfully transfused blood betweentwo people at
Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He was the first person to recordpre-
transfusiontestingforblood compatibilityin a clinicalsetting.Laterin 1954 he
was thefirst to be awardedwithKarl Landsteiner Award.
HISTRY

4. LANDSTEINERS RULE
• If an antigen /agglutinogen is present on the red cell
membrane of an individual, the corresponding
antibody/agglutinin will be absent in the plasma.
• If an antigen / agglutinogen is absent on the red cell
membrane of an individual, the corresponding antibody /
agglutinin will be present in the plasma.

5. • MAJOR
 ABO
 RH (RHESUS)
• MINOR
 LEWIS
 DUFFY
 KIDD
 KELL
 LUTHERAN
Major & Minor Blood Groups

6. What is ABO blood group system?
 ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited
properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence
of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may
thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. i.e,
 Blood containing red cells with type A antigen on their surface has in its serum (fluid)
antibodies against type B red cells.

7. ABO blood group system
 If, in transfusion, type B blood is injected into persons with type-A
blood, the red cells in the injected blood will be destroyed by the
antibodies in the recipient’s blood. In the same way, type A red cells will
be destroyed by anti-A antibodies in type B blood. Type O blood can be
injected into persons with type A, B, or O blood unless there is
incompatibility with respect to some other blood group system also
present. Persons with type AB blood can receive type A, B, or O blood.
 The test conducted to determine blood group system is called blood
typing

8. ABO BLOOD GROUPING
• BLOOD GROUP A
If you belong to the blood group A, you
have A antigens on the surface of your
RBCs and B antibodies in your blood
plasma.
• BLOOD GROUP B
If you belong to the blood group B,
you have B antigens on the surface
your RBCs and A antibodies in your
blood plasma.

9. BLOOD GROUP AB
If you belong to the blood group AB, you
have both A and B antigens On the
surface of your RBCs and no A or B
antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
BLOOD GROUP O
If you belong to the blood group O (null),
You have neither A or B antigens on the
Surface of your RBCs but you have bothA
and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

11. PRINCIPLEOF BLOOD GROUPING
• Blood grouping is done on the basis of agglutination.
• Agglutination means the collection of separate particles like RBCs into
clumps or masses.
• Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding
antibody which is called isoagglutinin, i.e. Occurs when A-antigen is
mixed with anti-A or when B-antigen ismixed with anti-B.
• Almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6 months of age have “
naturally occurring antibodys” to the ABO antigens that they lack. These
antibodys termed naturally occurring because they were thought to arise
without antigenic stimulation

12. Rh GROUPING
• It isthe most important blood group system after ABO.
• All Rh antigens are controlled by 2 genes –RHD gene– determines expression of D , RHCE–
encodes for C,c and E,e.
• RhD is a strong antigen (immunogenic) and other antigen are less antigenic than D and are of less
clinical significance.
• Therefore , in practice Rh negative and Rh positive depends on presence of D antigen on the surface
of red cells which is detected by strong anti-D serum. Occasionally, anti –C,E,c,e may develop in
case of pregnancy or transfusion.
• Unlike ABO system there isno naturally occurring antibodies against Rh antigensin Rh negative
individuals. Immune ANTIBODYS develop against Rhantigen after exposure to it following
transfusion or pregnancy.
• It can be detected by enzyme treatment or coombs test (antiglobulin test)
• SIGNIFICANCE: Rhincompatibility results in haemolytic transfusion reaction. Haemolytic disease
of newborn.

14. • In Blood Transfusion
• Haemolytic DiseaseOf Newborn.
• Paternity Dispute
• Medicolegal Issues
• Immunology, genetics
• Susceptibility To Various Diseases(Blood GroupO – PepticUlcer, Blood
GroupA – Gastric Ulcer)
Importance of Blood Grouping & Rh Typing

15. Minor Blood Groupsand Significance
1.Duffy blood group- lack glycoprotein DARC,which isreceptor for plasmodium
vivax. So this blood group patients are not susceptible to malaria.
2.Kell blood group- very immunogenic .increased hemolytic disease of new born.
3.Kidd blood group- increased hemolytic transfusion reaction.

16. Universal Donor and Recipient
UNIVERSAL DONOR
 GROUP"O"
 Neither A OR B-Antigens
UNIVERSAL RECEIPIENT
 GROUPAB
 Patient has no Anti-A/Anti-B
PRESENT
.
 Cannot lyse any transfused cell

17. Thank You