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Similar to Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles
Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles
- 1. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 30 How Animals Move
- 2. Figure 30.0_1 Chapter 30:Big Ideas Movement and Locomotion The Vertebrate Skeleton Muscle Contraction and Movement
- 3. Skeletons provide –body support, – movement by working with muscles, and – protection of internal organs. There are three main types of animal skeletons: – hydrostatic skeletons, – exoskeletons, and – endoskeletons. 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 4. 1. Hydrostatic skeletonsare – fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment and – found in worms and cnidarians. – Hydrostatic skeletons – help protect other body parts by cushioning them from shocks, – give the body shape, and – provide support for muscle action. 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 5. 2. Exoskeletons arerigid external skeletons that consist of – chitin and protein in arthropods and – calcium carbonate shells in molluscs. – Exoskeletons must be shed to permit growth. 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 6. 3. Endoskeletons consistof hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal. They may be made of – cartilage or cartilage and bone (vertebrates), – spicules (sponges), or – hard plates (echinoderms). 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 7. The vertebrate skeletalsystem provides – structural support – means of locomotion 30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 8. Bones of theHuman Body •The adult skeleton has 206 bones •Two basic types of bone tissue •Compact bone •Homogeneous •Spongy bone •Small needle-like pieces of bone •Many open spaces
- 9.
- 10. Classification of Bones •Bonesare classified by shape •Long bones • Typically longer than they are wide • Shaft with heads situated at both ends • Contain mostly compact bone • All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) • Example: • Femur • Humerus
- 11.
- 12. Figure 5.3a Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Proximal epiphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compactbone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) (a)
- 13. Types of BoneCells •Osteocytes—mature bone cells •Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells •Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells • Bone cells • live in a matrix of flexible protein fibers and hard calcium salts and • are kept alive by blood vessels, hormones, and nerves.
- 14.
- 15. Anatomy of aLong Bone •Epiphyseal plate •Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone •Epiphyseal line •Remnant of the epiphyseal plate •Seen in adult bones
- 16. Figure 5.3a Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Proximal epiphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compactbone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) (a)
- 17. The humanskeleton consists of an – axial skeleton – that supports the axis or trunk of the body and – consists of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs and – appendicular skeleton – that includes the appendages and the bones that anchor the appendage and – consists of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvic girdles. 30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 18.
- 19. Figure 5.8b (b) Posteriorview Fibula Tibia Femur Metacarpals Phalanges Carpals Radius Ulna Vertebra Humerus Rib Scapula Clavicle Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle Lower limb
- 21. Cartilage atthe ends of bones – cushions joints and – reduces friction of movements. 30.4 Bones are complex living organs © 2012 Parson Education, Inc. Articular cartilage
- 22. Long boneshave – a central cavity storing fatty yellow bone marrow – spongy bone located at the ends of bones containing red bone marrow, that produces blood cells. 30.4 Bones are complex living organs © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 23. Osteoporosis is –a bone disease, – characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration, and – less likely if a person – has high levels of calcium in the diet, – exercises regularly, and – does not smoke. 30.5 CONNECTION: Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 24. 30.6 Joints permitdifferent types of movement Joints allow limited movement of bones. Different joints permit various movements. – Ball-and-socket joints enable rotation in the arms and legs. – Hinge joints in the elbows and knees permit movement in a single plane. – Pivot joints enable the rotation of the forearm at the elbow. © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 25. Figure 30.6 Head of humerus Humerus Scapula Ulna Ball-and-socketjoint Hinge joint Ulna Pivot joint Radius
- 26. Muscles andbones interact to produce movement. Muscles – are connected to bones by tendons – can only contract, requiring an antagonistic muscle to reverse the action – Example: Flexion of forearm – biceps brachii, extension of forearm – triceps brachii 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 27. Figure 30.7A Biceps contracted, tricepsrelaxed Biceps Triceps Tendons Triceps Biceps Triceps contracted, biceps relaxed Flexion Extension
- 28. Muscle fibers(skeletal muscle cells) are cells that consist of bundles of myofibrils – are cylindrical, – have many nuclei, and – are oriented parallel to each other. Myofibrils contain sacromeres – thick filaments composed primarily of the protein myosin – thin filaments composed primarily of the protein actin. 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 29. Figure 6.3a Sarcolemma Myofibril Dark (A) band Light (I)band Nucleus (a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)
- 30. Sarcomeres are –repeating groups of overlapping thick and thin filaments – the contractile unit—the fundamental unit of muscle action. 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 31. Figure 30.8 Muscle Several musclefibers Single muscle fiber (cell) Plasma membrane Nuclei Myofibril Light band Dark band Light band Z line Sarcomere Sarcomere Z lineZ line Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin)
- 32. Figure 30.8_3 Sarcomere Z lineZline Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) Light band Dark band Light band Z line Sarcomere
- 33. According tothe sliding-filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts (shortens) when its thin filaments slide across its thick filaments. – Contraction shortens the sarcomere without changing the lengths of the thick and thin filaments. – When the muscle is fully contracted, the thin filaments overlap in the middle of the sarcomere. 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along thick filaments © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 34. Figure 6.7a–b Myosin Actin ZH I Z A I (a) (b) Z I A I Z Relaxed Contracted
- 35. A motorneuron – carries an action potential to a muscle cell, – releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) from its synaptic terminal, and – initiates a muscle contraction. 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 36.
- 37. A motorunit consists of – a neuron and – the set of muscle fibers it controls. More forceful muscle contractions result when additional motor units are activated. 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction © 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
- 38. Figure 30.10C Spinal cord Motorneuron cell body Nerve Motor neuron axon Synaptic terminals Muscle Tendon Muscle fibers (cells) Nuclei Bone Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2
- 39. Facial • Masseter Shoulder • Trapezius •Deltoid Arm • Triceps brachii • Biceps brachii Forearm • Brachioradialis Thigh (Quadriceps) • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Facial • Orbicularis oculi • Orbicularis oris Neck • Sternocleidomastoid Thorax • Pectoralis major Abdomen • Rectus abdominis • External oblique • Internal oblique Leg • Gastrocnemius
- 40. Arm • Triceps brachii Leg •Gastrocnemius Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Neck • Sternocleidomastoid • Trapezius Shoulder/Back • Deltoid • Latissimus dorsi Hip • Gluteus medius • Gluteus maximus Thigh • Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus