This document discusses embedded and real-time systems based on ARM architecture. It covers the three modes of operation in ARM: ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and Jazelle-DBX/RCT for accelerating Java and supporting interpreted languages. It also summarizes the different ARM architecture versions from ARMv7 to ARMv8, describing their instruction sets and features. Finally, it provides overviews of ARM registers, memory organization, and other key concepts.

1. EMBEDDED
AND REAL
TIME
SYSTEMS

2. 3 MODES OF OPERATION
ARM
THUMB
JAZELLE
2
ARM instruction set – instructions are
all 32 bits long
Thumb instruction set – instructions
are a mix of 16 and 32 bits (THUMB 2)
Jazelle-DBX - provides acceleration
for Java VM
Jazelle-RCT - provides support
for interpreted languages

3. ARM ARCHITECTURE
VERSIONS
3

4. ARM ARCHITECTURE VERSIONS
4

5. ARM ARCHITECTURE VERSIONS
5

6. ARM ARCHITECTURE VERSIONS
6

7. Architecture ARMv7 profiles
Application profile (ARMv7-A)
Memory management support
Highest performance at low power
To run applications/OS system
requirements.
TrustZone and Jazelle-RCT for a
safe, extensible system
e.g. Cortex-A5, Cortex-A9
RTA: SmartPhones, Digital TV,
Servers & Networking
Real-time profile (ARMv7-R)
Protected memory (MPU)
Low latency
predictability ‘real-time’ needs
e.g. Cortex-R4
high-performance, real-time,
safe, and cost-effective
RTA: Automobiles (ABS),
Cameras, Disk drive
controllers
Microcontroller profile (ARMv7-M,
ARMv7E-M)
Lowest gate count entry point
Deterministic and predictable behavior
a key priority
e.g. Cortex-M3
RTA: Low Cost MC, Mixed signal
devices, Data communication
7

8. ARM ARCHITECTURE VERSIONS
ARM V8
⦁ It adds a 64-bit architecture
⦁ 64-bit general purpose registers, SP (stack pointer) and PC (program
counter)
⦁ The execution states support three key
instruction sets:
⦁ A32 (or ARM): a 32-bit fixed length instruction set
⦁ T32 (Thumb) introduced as a 16-bit fixed-length instruction set
⦁ A64 is a 64-bit fixed-length instruction
8

9. What is the key feature?
PIPELINE
9

10. 10
ARM 7 Vs 9

11. ARM 10 Vs 11
11

12. ARM NOMENCLATURE
ARMxyzTDMIEJFS
12
– X:series
– y: MMU
– z: cache
– T: Thumb
– D: debugger
– M: Multiplier (MAC)
– I: Embedded ICE (built-in debugger hardware)
– E: Enhanced instruction
– J: Jazelle (JVM)
– F: Floating-point
– S: Synthesizible version (source code version for
EDA Tools)

13. Embedded Processors

14. Application Processors

15. Development of
the ARM
Architecture
2

16. 16

17. INTRODUCTION
TO ARM
3

18. “⦁ 32-bit load / store RISC
architecture
⦁ The only memory
accesses allowed are
loads and stores
⦁ Most internal registers
are 32 bits wide
⦁ Most instructions
execute in a single cycle
18

19. Byte means 8bits
Halfword means
16 bits (two bytes)
Word means 32 bits
(four bytes)
Doubleword means
64 bits (eight
bytes)
.
TERMS
19

20. REGISTERS OF
ARM
Data registers: r0 to r12
SFR: r13, r14 & r15
Two status registers:
⦁ CPSR: Current
Program Status
Register
⦁ SPSR: Saved Program
Status Register
20

21. 7 PROCESSOR MODES
21

22. The ARM Register Set
r0
r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
r6
r7
r8
r9
r10
r11
r12
r15 (pc)
cpsr
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
User mode
spsr
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
IRQ FIQ
r8
r9
r10
r11
r12
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
spsr spsr
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
Undef
spsr
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
Abort
spsr
r13 (sp)
r14 (lr)
SVC
Current mode Banked out registers
ARM has 37 registers, all 32-bits long
A subset of these registers is accessible
in each mode
Note: System mode uses the User mode
register set.

23. Data alignment

24. LSB ADDRESS 00
24

25. Program Status Registers
25
BITS (0-7 ) C –CONTROL, BITS (8-15) X- EXTENSION
BITS (16-23) S - STATUS, BITS (24-31) F-FLAGS

26. ARM MEMORY ORGANIZATION

27. 27
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