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The ARM Architecture: ARM : ARM Architecture

The document provides an overview of the ARM architecture, detailing its history, structure, and essential programming models. ARM designs RISC processor cores and licenses their architecture to semiconductor partners without fabricating silicon themselves. It also elaborates on ARM's instruction sets, processor modes, general-purpose registers, and the types of data processing instructions that enhance code efficiency.

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1TMT H E A R C H I T E C T U R E F O R T H E D I G I T A L W O R L D The ARM Architecture
2TM 239v10 The ARM Architecture Agenda ïź Introduction to ARM Ltd Programmers Model Instruction Set System Design Development Tools
3TM 339v10 The ARM Architecture ARM Ltd ïź Founded in November 1990 ïź Spun out of Acorn Computers ïź Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores ïź Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor partners who fabricate and sell to their customers. ïź ARM does not fabricate silicon itself ïź Also develop technologies to assist with the design-in of the ARM architecture ïź Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus architectures, peripherals etc
4TM 439v10 The ARM Architecture ARM Partnership Model
5TM 539v10 The ARM Architecture ARM Powered Products
6TM 639v10 The ARM Architecture ïź ARM provides hard and soft views to licencees ïź RTL and synthesis flows ïź GDSII layout ïź Licencees have the right to use hard or soft views of the IP ïź soft views include gate level netlists ïź hard views are DSMs ïź OEMs must use hard views ïź to protect ARM IP Intellectual Property
7TM 739v10 The ARM Architecture Agenda Introduction to ARM Ltd ïź Programmers Model Instruction Sets System Design Development Tools
8TM 839v10 The ARM Architecture Data Sizes and Instruction Sets ïź The ARM is a 32-bit architecture. ïź When used in relation to the ARM: ïź Byte means 8 bits ïź Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes) ïź Word means 32 bits (four bytes) ïź Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets ïź 32-bit ARM Instruction Set ïź 16-bit Thumb Instruction Set ïź Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode
9TM 939v10 The ARM Architecture Processor Modes ïź The ARM has seven basic operating modes: ïź User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run ïź FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised ïź IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised ïź Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed ïź Abort : used to handle memory access violations ïź Undef : used to handle undefined instructions ïź System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode
10TM 1039v10 The ARM Architecture r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr FIQ IRQ SVC Undef Abort User Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers FIQ IRQ SVC Undef Abort r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User IRQ SVC Undef Abort r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) FIQ ModeIRQ Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ SVC Undef Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) Undef Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ SVC Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) SVC Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ Undef Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) Abort Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ SVC Undef r13 (sp) r14 (lr) The ARM Register Set
11TM 1139v10 The ARM Architecture Register Organization Summary User mode r0-r7, r15, and cpsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr FIQ r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 User r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr IRQ User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Undef User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr SVC User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Abort User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr Thumb state Low registers Thumb state High registers Note: System mode uses the User mode register set
12TM 1239v10 The ARM Architecture The Registers ïź ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long. ïź 1 dedicated program counter ïź 1 dedicated current program status register ïź 5 dedicated saved program status registers ïź 30 general purpose registers ïź The current processor mode governs which of several banks is accessible. Each mode can access ïź a particular set of r0-r12 registers ïź a particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the link register, lr) ïź the program counter, r15 (pc) ïź the current program status register, cpsr Privileged modes (except System) can also access ïź a particular spsr (saved program status register)
13TM 1339v10 The ARM Architecture Program Status Registers ïź Condition code flags ïź N = Negative result from ALU ïź Z = Zero result from ALU ïź C = ALU operation Carried out ïź V = ALU operation oVerflowed ïź Sticky Overflow flag - Q flag ïź Architecture 5TE/J only ïź Indicates if saturation has occurred ïź J bit ïź Architecture 5TEJ only ïź J = 1: Processor in Jazelle state ïź Interrupt Disable bits. ïź I = 1: Disables the IRQ. ïź F = 1: Disables the FIQ. ïź T Bit ïź Architecture xT only ïź T = 0: Processor in ARM state ïź T = 1: Processor in Thumb state ïź Mode bits ïź Specify the processor mode 2731 N Z C V Q 28 67 I F T mode 1623 815 5 4 024 f s x c U n d e f i n e dJ
14TM 1439v10 The ARM Architecture ïź When the processor is executing in ARM state: ïź All instructions are 32 bits wide ïź All instructions must be word aligned ïź Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:2] with bits [1:0] undefined (as instruction cannot be halfword or byte aligned). ïź When the processor is executing in Thumb state: ïź All instructions are 16 bits wide ïź All instructions must be halfword aligned ïź Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:1] with bit [0] undefined (as instruction cannot be byte aligned). ïź When the processor is executing in Jazelle state: ïź All instructions are 8 bits wide ïź Processor performs a word access to read 4 instructions at once Program Counter (r15)
15TM 1539v10 The ARM Architecture Vector Table Exception Handling ïź When an exception occurs, the ARM: ïź Copies CPSR into SPSR_<mode> ïź Sets appropriate CPSR bits ïź Change to ARM state ïź Change to exception mode ïź Disable interrupts (if appropriate) ïź Stores the return address in LR_<mode> ïź Sets PC to vector address ïź To return, exception handler needs to: ïź Restore CPSR from SPSR_<mode> ïź Restore PC from LR_<mode> This can only be done in ARM state. Vector table can be at 0xFFFF0000 on ARM720T and on ARM9/10 family devices FIQ IRQ (Reserved) Data Abort Prefetch Abort Software Interrupt Undefined Instruction Reset 0x1C 0x18 0x14 0x10 0x0C 0x08 0x04 0x00
16TM 1639v10 The ARM Architecture Development of the ARM Architecture SA-110 ARM7TDMI 4T 1 Halfword and signed halfword / byte support System mode Thumb instruction set 2 4 ARM9TDMI SA-1110 ARM720T ARM940T Improved ARM/Thumb Interworking CLZ 5TE Saturated maths DSP multiply- accumulate instructions XScale ARM1020E ARM9E-S ARM966E-S 3 Early ARM architectures ARM9EJ-S 5TEJ ARM7EJ-S ARM926EJ-S Jazelle Java bytecode execution 6 ARM1136EJ-S ARM1026EJ-S SIMD Instructions Multi-processing V6 Memory architecture (VMSA) Unaligned data support
17TM 1739v10 The ARM Architecture Agenda Introduction to ARM Ltd Programmers Model ïź Instruction Sets System Design Development Tools
18TM 1839v10 The ARM Architecture ïź ARM instructions can be made to execute conditionally by postfixing them with the appropriate condition code field. ïź This improves code density and performance by reducing the number of forward branch instructions. CMP r3,#0 CMP r3,#0 BEQ skip ADDNE r0,r1,r2 ADD r0,r1,r2 skip ïź By default, data processing instructions do not affect the condition code flags but the flags can be optionally set by using “S”. CMP does not need “S”. loop 
 SUBS r1,r1,#1 BNE loop if Z flag clear then branch decrement r1 and set flags Conditional Execution and Flags
19TM 1939v10 The ARM Architecture Condition Codes Not equal Unsigned higher or same Unsigned lower Minus Equal Overflow No overflow Unsigned higher Unsigned lower or same Positive or Zero Less than Greater than Less than or equal Always Greater or equal EQ NE CS/HS CC/LO PL VS HI LS GE LT GT LE AL MI VC Suffix Description Z=0 C=1 C=0 Z=1 Flags tested N=1 N=0 V=1 V=0 C=1 & Z=0 C=0 or Z=1 N=V N!=V Z=0 & N=V Z=1 or N=!V ïź The possible condition codes are listed below: ïź Note AL is the default and does not need to be specified
20TM 2039v10 The ARM Architecture Examples of conditional execution ïź Use a sequence of several conditional instructions if (a==0) func(1); CMP r0,#0 MOVEQ r0,#1 BLEQ func ïź Set the flags, then use various condition codes if (a==0) x=0; if (a>0) x=1; CMP r0,#0 MOVEQ r1,#0 MOVGT r1,#1 ïź Use conditional compare instructions if (a==4 || a==10) x=0; CMP r0,#4 CMPNE r0,#10 MOVEQ r1,#0
21TM 2139v10 The ARM Architecture ïź Branch : B{<cond>} label ïź Branch with Link : BL{<cond>} subroutine_label ïź The processor core shifts the offset field left by 2 positions, sign-extends it and adds it to the PC ïź ± 32 Mbyte range ïź How to perform longer branches? 2831 24 0 Cond 1 0 1 L Offset Condition field Link bit 0 = Branch 1 = Branch with link 232527 Branch instructions
22TM 2239v10 The ARM Architecture Data processing Instructions ïź Consist of : ïź Arithmetic: ADD ADC SUB SBC RSB RSC ïź Logical: AND ORR EOR BIC ïź Comparisons: CMP CMN TST TEQ ïź Data movement: MOV MVN ïź These instructions only work on registers, NOT memory. ïź Syntax: <Operation>{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rn, Operand2 ïź Comparisons set flags only - they do not specify Rd ïź Data movement does not specify Rn ïź Second operand is sent to the ALU via barrel shifter.
23TM 2339v10 The ARM Architecture The Barrel Shifter DestinationCF 0 Destination CF LSL : Logical Left Shift ASR: Arithmetic Right Shift Multiplication by a power of 2 Division by a power of 2, preserving the sign bit Destination CF...0 Destination CF LSR : Logical Shift Right ROR: Rotate Right Division by a power of 2 Bit rotate with wrap around from LSB to MSB Destination RRX: Rotate Right Extended Single bit rotate with wrap around from CF to MSB CF
24TM 2439v10 The ARM Architecture Register, optionally with shift operation ïź Shift value can be either be: ïź 5 bit unsigned integer ïź Specified in bottom byte of another register. ïź Used for multiplication by constant Immediate value ïź 8 bit number, with a range of 0-255. ïź Rotated right through even number of positions ïź Allows increased range of 32-bit constants to be loaded directly into registers Result Operand 1 Barrel Shifter Operand 2 ALU Using the Barrel Shifter: The Second Operand
25TM 2539v10 The ARM Architecture ïź No ARM instruction can contain a 32 bit immediate constant ïź All ARM instructions are fixed as 32 bits long ïź The data processing instruction format has 12 bits available for operand2 ïź 4 bit rotate value (0-15) is multiplied by two to give range 0-30 in steps of 2 ïź Rule to remember is “8-bits shifted by an even number of bit positions”. 0711 8 immed_8 Shifter ROR rot x2 Quick Quiz: 0xe3a004ff MOV r0, #??? Immediate constants (1)
26TM 2639v10 The ARM Architecture ïź Examples: ïź The assembler converts immediate values to the rotate form: ïź MOV r0,#4096 ; uses 0x40 ror 26 ïź ADD r1,r2,#0xFF0000 ; uses 0xFF ror 16 ïź The bitwise complements can also be formed using MVN: ïź MOV r0, #0xFFFFFFFF ; assembles to MVN r0,#0 ïź Values that cannot be generated in this way will cause an error. 031 ror #0 range 0-0xff000000 step 0x01000000ror #8 range 0-0x000000ff step 0x00000001 range 0-0x000003fc step 0x00000004ror #30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Immediate constants (2)
27TM 2739v10 The ARM Architecture ïź To allow larger constants to be loaded, the assembler offers a pseudo- instruction: ïź LDR rd, =const ïź This will either: ïź Produce a MOV or MVN instruction to generate the value (if possible). or ïź Generate a LDR instruction with a PC-relative address to read the constant from a literal pool (Constant data area embedded in the code). ïź For example ïź LDR r0,=0xFF => MOV r0,#0xFF ïź LDR r0,=0x55555555 => LDR r0,[PC,#Imm12] 
 
 DCD 0x55555555 ïź This is the recommended way of loading constants into a register Loading 32 bit constants
28TM 2839v10 The ARM Architecture Multiply ïź Syntax: ïź MUL{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rm, Rs Rd = Rm * Rs ïź MLA{<cond>}{S} Rd,Rm,Rs,Rn Rd = (Rm * Rs) + Rn ïź [U|S]MULL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := Rm*Rs ïź [U|S]MLAL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := (Rm*Rs)+RdHi,RdLo ïź Cycle time ïź Basic MUL instruction ïź 2-5 cycles on ARM7TDMI ïź 1-3 cycles on StrongARM/XScale ïź 2 cycles on ARM9E/ARM102xE ïź +1 cycle for ARM9TDMI (over ARM7TDMI) ïź +1 cycle for accumulate (not on 9E though result delay is one cycle longer) ïź +1 cycle for “long” ïź Above are “general rules” - refer to the TRM for the core you are using for the exact details
29TM 2939v10 The ARM Architecture Single register data transfer LDR STR Word LDRB STRB Byte LDRH STRH Halfword LDRSB Signed byte load LDRSH Signed halfword load ïź Memory system must support all access sizes ïź Syntax: ïź LDR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address> ïź STR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address> e.g. LDREQB
30TM 3039v10 The ARM Architecture Address accessed ïź Address accessed by LDR/STR is specified by a base register plus an offset ïź For word and unsigned byte accesses, offset can be ïź An unsigned 12-bit immediate value (ie 0 - 4095 bytes). LDR r0,[r1,#8] ïź A register, optionally shifted by an immediate value LDR r0,[r1,r2] LDR r0,[r1,r2,LSL#2] ïź This can be either added or subtracted from the base register: LDR r0,[r1,#-8] LDR r0,[r1,-r2] LDR r0,[r1,-r2,LSL#2] ïź For halfword and signed halfword / byte, offset can be: ïź An unsigned 8 bit immediate value (ie 0-255 bytes). ïź A register (unshifted). ïź Choice of pre-indexed or post-indexed addressing
31TM 3139v10 The ARM Architecture 0x5 0x5 r1 0x200 Base Register 0x200 r0 0x5 Source Register for STR Offset 12 0x20c r1 0x200 Original Base Register 0x200 r0 0x5 Source Register for STR Offset 12 0x20c r1 0x20c Updated Base Register Auto-update form: STR r0,[r1,#12]! Pre or Post Indexed Addressing? ïź Pre-indexed: STR r0,[r1,#12] ïź Post-indexed: STR r0,[r1],#12
32TM 3239v10 The ARM Architecture LDM / STM operation ïź Syntax: <LDM|STM>{<cond>}<addressing_mode> Rb{!}, <register list> ïź 4 addressing modes: LDMIA / STMIA increment after LDMIB / STMIB increment before LDMDA / STMDA decrement after LDMDB / STMDB decrement before IA r1 Increasing Address r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r10 IB DA DB LDMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} STMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} Base Register (Rb)
33TM 3339v10 The ARM Architecture Software Interrupt (SWI) ïź Causes an exception trap to the SWI hardware vector ïź The SWI handler can examine the SWI number to decide what operation has been requested. ïź By using the SWI mechanism, an operating system can implement a set of privileged operations which applications running in user mode can request. ïź Syntax: ïź SWI{<cond>} <SWI number> 2831 2427 0 Cond 1 1 1 1 SWI number (ignored by processor) 23 Condition Field
34TM 3439v10 The ARM Architecture PSR Transfer Instructions ïź MRS and MSR allow contents of CPSR / SPSR to be transferred to / from a general purpose register. ïź Syntax: ïź MRS{<cond>} Rd,<psr> ; Rd = <psr> ïź MSR{<cond>} <psr[_fields]>,Rm ; <psr[_fields]> = Rm where ïź <psr> = CPSR or SPSR ïź [_fields] = any combination of ‘fsxc’ ïź Also an immediate form ïź MSR{<cond>} <psr_fields>,#Immediate ïź In User Mode, all bits can be read but only the condition flags (_f) can be written. 2731 N Z C V Q 28 67 I F T mode 1623 815 5 4 024 f s x c U n d e f i n e dJ
35TM 3539v10 The ARM Architecture ARM Branches and Subroutines ïź B <label> ïź PC relative. ±32 Mbyte range. ïź BL <subroutine> ïź Stores return address in LR ïź Returning implemented by restoring the PC from LR ïź For non-leaf functions, LR will have to be stacked STMFD sp!,{regs,lr} : BL func2 : LDMFD sp!,{regs,pc} func1 func2 : : BL func1 : : : : : : : MOV pc, lr
36TM 3639v10 The ARM Architecture Thumb ïź Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set ïź Optimised for code density from C code (~65% of ARM code size) ïź Improved performance from narrow memory ïź Subset of the functionality of the ARM instruction set ïź Core has additional execution state - Thumb ïź Switch between ARM and Thumb using BX instruction 015 31 0 ADDS r2,r2,#1 ADD r2,#1 32-bit ARM Instruction 16-bit Thumb Instruction For most instructions generated by compiler: ïź Conditional execution is not used ïź Source and destination registers identical ïź Only Low registers used ïź Constants are of limited size ïź Inline barrel shifter not used
37TM 3739v10 The ARM Architecture Agenda Introduction Programmers Model Instruction Sets ïź System Design Development Tools
38TM 3839v10 The ARM Architecture Example ARM-based System 16 bit RAM 8 bit ROM 32 bit RAM ARM Core I/OPeripherals Interrupt Controller nFIQnIRQ
39TM 3939v10 The ARM Architecture AMBA Bridge Timer On-chip RAM ARM Interrupt Controller Remap/ Pause TIC Arbiter Bus InterfaceExternal ROM External RAM Reset System Bus Peripheral Bus ïź AMBA ïź Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture ïź ADK ïź Complete AMBA Design Kit ïź ACT ïź AMBA Compliance Testbench ïź PrimeCell ïź ARM’s AMBA compliant peripherals AHB or ASB APB External Bus Interface Decoder
40TM 4039v10 The ARM Architecture Agenda Introduction Programmers Model Instruction Sets System Design ïź Development Tools
41TM 4139v10 The ARM Architecture The RealView Product Families Debug Tools AXD (part of ADS) Trace Debug Tools Multi-ICE Multi-Trace Platforms ARMulator (part of ADS) Integratorℱ Family Compilation Tools ARM Developer Suite (ADS) – Compilers (C/C++ ARM & Thumb), Linker & Utilities RealView Compilation Tools (RVCT) RealView Debugger (RVD) RealView ICE (RVI) RealView Trace (RVT) RealView ARMulator ISS (RVISS)
42TM 4239v10 The ARM Architecture ARM Debug Architecture ARM core ETM TAP controller Trace PortJTAG port Ethernet Debugger (+ optional trace tools) ïź EmbeddedICE Logic ïź Provides breakpoints and processor/system access ïź JTAG interface (ICE) ïź Converts debugger commands to JTAG signals ïź Embedded trace Macrocell (ETM) ïź Compresses real-time instruction and data access trace ïź Contains ICE features (trigger & filter logic) ïź Trace port analyzer (TPA) ïź Captures trace in a deep buffer EmbeddedICE Logic
The ARM Architecture: ARM : ARM Architecture

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The ARM Architecture: ARM : ARM Architecture

  • 1.
    1TMT H EA R C H I T E C T U R E F O R T H E D I G I T A L W O R L D The ARM Architecture
  • 2.
    2TM 239v10 TheARM Architecture Agenda ïź Introduction to ARM Ltd Programmers Model Instruction Set System Design Development Tools
  • 3.
    3TM 339v10 TheARM Architecture ARM Ltd ïź Founded in November 1990 ïź Spun out of Acorn Computers ïź Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores ïź Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor partners who fabricate and sell to their customers. ïź ARM does not fabricate silicon itself ïź Also develop technologies to assist with the design-in of the ARM architecture ïź Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus architectures, peripherals etc
  • 4.
    4TM 439v10 TheARM Architecture ARM Partnership Model
  • 5.
    5TM 539v10 TheARM Architecture ARM Powered Products
  • 6.
    6TM 639v10 TheARM Architecture ïź ARM provides hard and soft views to licencees ïź RTL and synthesis flows ïź GDSII layout ïź Licencees have the right to use hard or soft views of the IP ïź soft views include gate level netlists ïź hard views are DSMs ïź OEMs must use hard views ïź to protect ARM IP Intellectual Property
  • 7.
    7TM 739v10 TheARM Architecture Agenda Introduction to ARM Ltd ïź Programmers Model Instruction Sets System Design Development Tools
  • 8.
    8TM 839v10 TheARM Architecture Data Sizes and Instruction Sets ïź The ARM is a 32-bit architecture. ïź When used in relation to the ARM: ïź Byte means 8 bits ïź Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes) ïź Word means 32 bits (four bytes) ïź Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets ïź 32-bit ARM Instruction Set ïź 16-bit Thumb Instruction Set ïź Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode
  • 9.
    9TM 939v10 TheARM Architecture Processor Modes ïź The ARM has seven basic operating modes: ïź User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run ïź FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised ïź IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised ïź Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed ïź Abort : used to handle memory access violations ïź Undef : used to handle undefined instructions ïź System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode
  • 10.
    10TM 1039v10 TheARM Architecture r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr FIQ IRQ SVC Undef Abort User Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers FIQ IRQ SVC Undef Abort r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User IRQ SVC Undef Abort r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) FIQ ModeIRQ Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ SVC Undef Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) Undef Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ SVC Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) SVC Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ Undef Abort r13 (sp) r14 (lr) Abort Mode r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r15 (pc) cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Current Visible Registers Banked out Registers User FIQ IRQ SVC Undef r13 (sp) r14 (lr) The ARM Register Set
  • 11.
    11TM 1139v10 TheARM Architecture Register Organization Summary User mode r0-r7, r15, and cpsr r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr FIQ r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 (sp) r14 (lr) r15 (pc) cpsr r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 User r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr IRQ User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Undef User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr SVC User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr Abort User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr Thumb state Low registers Thumb state High registers Note: System mode uses the User mode register set
  • 12.
    12TM 1239v10 TheARM Architecture The Registers ïź ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long. ïź 1 dedicated program counter ïź 1 dedicated current program status register ïź 5 dedicated saved program status registers ïź 30 general purpose registers ïź The current processor mode governs which of several banks is accessible. Each mode can access ïź a particular set of r0-r12 registers ïź a particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the link register, lr) ïź the program counter, r15 (pc) ïź the current program status register, cpsr Privileged modes (except System) can also access ïź a particular spsr (saved program status register)
  • 13.
    13TM 1339v10 TheARM Architecture Program Status Registers ïź Condition code flags ïź N = Negative result from ALU ïź Z = Zero result from ALU ïź C = ALU operation Carried out ïź V = ALU operation oVerflowed ïź Sticky Overflow flag - Q flag ïź Architecture 5TE/J only ïź Indicates if saturation has occurred ïź J bit ïź Architecture 5TEJ only ïź J = 1: Processor in Jazelle state ïź Interrupt Disable bits. ïź I = 1: Disables the IRQ. ïź F = 1: Disables the FIQ. ïź T Bit ïź Architecture xT only ïź T = 0: Processor in ARM state ïź T = 1: Processor in Thumb state ïź Mode bits ïź Specify the processor mode 2731 N Z C V Q 28 67 I F T mode 1623 815 5 4 024 f s x c U n d e f i n e dJ
  • 14.
    14TM 1439v10 TheARM Architecture ïź When the processor is executing in ARM state: ïź All instructions are 32 bits wide ïź All instructions must be word aligned ïź Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:2] with bits [1:0] undefined (as instruction cannot be halfword or byte aligned). ïź When the processor is executing in Thumb state: ïź All instructions are 16 bits wide ïź All instructions must be halfword aligned ïź Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:1] with bit [0] undefined (as instruction cannot be byte aligned). ïź When the processor is executing in Jazelle state: ïź All instructions are 8 bits wide ïź Processor performs a word access to read 4 instructions at once Program Counter (r15)
  • 15.
    15TM 1539v10 TheARM Architecture Vector Table Exception Handling ïź When an exception occurs, the ARM: ïź Copies CPSR into SPSR_<mode> ïź Sets appropriate CPSR bits ïź Change to ARM state ïź Change to exception mode ïź Disable interrupts (if appropriate) ïź Stores the return address in LR_<mode> ïź Sets PC to vector address ïź To return, exception handler needs to: ïź Restore CPSR from SPSR_<mode> ïź Restore PC from LR_<mode> This can only be done in ARM state. Vector table can be at 0xFFFF0000 on ARM720T and on ARM9/10 family devices FIQ IRQ (Reserved) Data Abort Prefetch Abort Software Interrupt Undefined Instruction Reset 0x1C 0x18 0x14 0x10 0x0C 0x08 0x04 0x00
  • 16.
    16TM 1639v10 TheARM Architecture Development of the ARM Architecture SA-110 ARM7TDMI 4T 1 Halfword and signed halfword / byte support System mode Thumb instruction set 2 4 ARM9TDMI SA-1110 ARM720T ARM940T Improved ARM/Thumb Interworking CLZ 5TE Saturated maths DSP multiply- accumulate instructions XScale ARM1020E ARM9E-S ARM966E-S 3 Early ARM architectures ARM9EJ-S 5TEJ ARM7EJ-S ARM926EJ-S Jazelle Java bytecode execution 6 ARM1136EJ-S ARM1026EJ-S SIMD Instructions Multi-processing V6 Memory architecture (VMSA) Unaligned data support
  • 17.
    17TM 1739v10 TheARM Architecture Agenda Introduction to ARM Ltd Programmers Model ïź Instruction Sets System Design Development Tools
  • 18.
    18TM 1839v10 TheARM Architecture ïź ARM instructions can be made to execute conditionally by postfixing them with the appropriate condition code field. ïź This improves code density and performance by reducing the number of forward branch instructions. CMP r3,#0 CMP r3,#0 BEQ skip ADDNE r0,r1,r2 ADD r0,r1,r2 skip ïź By default, data processing instructions do not affect the condition code flags but the flags can be optionally set by using “S”. CMP does not need “S”. loop 
 SUBS r1,r1,#1 BNE loop if Z flag clear then branch decrement r1 and set flags Conditional Execution and Flags
  • 19.
    19TM 1939v10 TheARM Architecture Condition Codes Not equal Unsigned higher or same Unsigned lower Minus Equal Overflow No overflow Unsigned higher Unsigned lower or same Positive or Zero Less than Greater than Less than or equal Always Greater or equal EQ NE CS/HS CC/LO PL VS HI LS GE LT GT LE AL MI VC Suffix Description Z=0 C=1 C=0 Z=1 Flags tested N=1 N=0 V=1 V=0 C=1 & Z=0 C=0 or Z=1 N=V N!=V Z=0 & N=V Z=1 or N=!V ïź The possible condition codes are listed below: ïź Note AL is the default and does not need to be specified
  • 20.
    20TM 2039v10 TheARM Architecture Examples of conditional execution ïź Use a sequence of several conditional instructions if (a==0) func(1); CMP r0,#0 MOVEQ r0,#1 BLEQ func ïź Set the flags, then use various condition codes if (a==0) x=0; if (a>0) x=1; CMP r0,#0 MOVEQ r1,#0 MOVGT r1,#1 ïź Use conditional compare instructions if (a==4 || a==10) x=0; CMP r0,#4 CMPNE r0,#10 MOVEQ r1,#0
  • 21.
    21TM 2139v10 TheARM Architecture ïź Branch : B{<cond>} label ïź Branch with Link : BL{<cond>} subroutine_label ïź The processor core shifts the offset field left by 2 positions, sign-extends it and adds it to the PC ïź ± 32 Mbyte range ïź How to perform longer branches? 2831 24 0 Cond 1 0 1 L Offset Condition field Link bit 0 = Branch 1 = Branch with link 232527 Branch instructions
  • 22.
    22TM 2239v10 TheARM Architecture Data processing Instructions ïź Consist of : ïź Arithmetic: ADD ADC SUB SBC RSB RSC ïź Logical: AND ORR EOR BIC ïź Comparisons: CMP CMN TST TEQ ïź Data movement: MOV MVN ïź These instructions only work on registers, NOT memory. ïź Syntax: <Operation>{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rn, Operand2 ïź Comparisons set flags only - they do not specify Rd ïź Data movement does not specify Rn ïź Second operand is sent to the ALU via barrel shifter.
  • 23.
    23TM 2339v10 TheARM Architecture The Barrel Shifter DestinationCF 0 Destination CF LSL : Logical Left Shift ASR: Arithmetic Right Shift Multiplication by a power of 2 Division by a power of 2, preserving the sign bit Destination CF...0 Destination CF LSR : Logical Shift Right ROR: Rotate Right Division by a power of 2 Bit rotate with wrap around from LSB to MSB Destination RRX: Rotate Right Extended Single bit rotate with wrap around from CF to MSB CF
  • 24.
    24TM 2439v10 TheARM Architecture Register, optionally with shift operation ïź Shift value can be either be: ïź 5 bit unsigned integer ïź Specified in bottom byte of another register. ïź Used for multiplication by constant Immediate value ïź 8 bit number, with a range of 0-255. ïź Rotated right through even number of positions ïź Allows increased range of 32-bit constants to be loaded directly into registers Result Operand 1 Barrel Shifter Operand 2 ALU Using the Barrel Shifter: The Second Operand
  • 25.
    25TM 2539v10 TheARM Architecture ïź No ARM instruction can contain a 32 bit immediate constant ïź All ARM instructions are fixed as 32 bits long ïź The data processing instruction format has 12 bits available for operand2 ïź 4 bit rotate value (0-15) is multiplied by two to give range 0-30 in steps of 2 ïź Rule to remember is “8-bits shifted by an even number of bit positions”. 0711 8 immed_8 Shifter ROR rot x2 Quick Quiz: 0xe3a004ff MOV r0, #??? Immediate constants (1)
  • 26.
    26TM 2639v10 TheARM Architecture ïź Examples: ïź The assembler converts immediate values to the rotate form: ïź MOV r0,#4096 ; uses 0x40 ror 26 ïź ADD r1,r2,#0xFF0000 ; uses 0xFF ror 16 ïź The bitwise complements can also be formed using MVN: ïź MOV r0, #0xFFFFFFFF ; assembles to MVN r0,#0 ïź Values that cannot be generated in this way will cause an error. 031 ror #0 range 0-0xff000000 step 0x01000000ror #8 range 0-0x000000ff step 0x00000001 range 0-0x000003fc step 0x00000004ror #30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Immediate constants (2)
  • 27.
    27TM 2739v10 TheARM Architecture ïź To allow larger constants to be loaded, the assembler offers a pseudo- instruction: ïź LDR rd, =const ïź This will either: ïź Produce a MOV or MVN instruction to generate the value (if possible). or ïź Generate a LDR instruction with a PC-relative address to read the constant from a literal pool (Constant data area embedded in the code). ïź For example ïź LDR r0,=0xFF => MOV r0,#0xFF ïź LDR r0,=0x55555555 => LDR r0,[PC,#Imm12] 
 
 DCD 0x55555555 ïź This is the recommended way of loading constants into a register Loading 32 bit constants
  • 28.
    28TM 2839v10 TheARM Architecture Multiply ïź Syntax: ïź MUL{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rm, Rs Rd = Rm * Rs ïź MLA{<cond>}{S} Rd,Rm,Rs,Rn Rd = (Rm * Rs) + Rn ïź [U|S]MULL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := Rm*Rs ïź [U|S]MLAL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := (Rm*Rs)+RdHi,RdLo ïź Cycle time ïź Basic MUL instruction ïź 2-5 cycles on ARM7TDMI ïź 1-3 cycles on StrongARM/XScale ïź 2 cycles on ARM9E/ARM102xE ïź +1 cycle for ARM9TDMI (over ARM7TDMI) ïź +1 cycle for accumulate (not on 9E though result delay is one cycle longer) ïź +1 cycle for “long” ïź Above are “general rules” - refer to the TRM for the core you are using for the exact details
  • 29.
    29TM 2939v10 TheARM Architecture Single register data transfer LDR STR Word LDRB STRB Byte LDRH STRH Halfword LDRSB Signed byte load LDRSH Signed halfword load ïź Memory system must support all access sizes ïź Syntax: ïź LDR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address> ïź STR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address> e.g. LDREQB
  • 30.
    30TM 3039v10 TheARM Architecture Address accessed ïź Address accessed by LDR/STR is specified by a base register plus an offset ïź For word and unsigned byte accesses, offset can be ïź An unsigned 12-bit immediate value (ie 0 - 4095 bytes). LDR r0,[r1,#8] ïź A register, optionally shifted by an immediate value LDR r0,[r1,r2] LDR r0,[r1,r2,LSL#2] ïź This can be either added or subtracted from the base register: LDR r0,[r1,#-8] LDR r0,[r1,-r2] LDR r0,[r1,-r2,LSL#2] ïź For halfword and signed halfword / byte, offset can be: ïź An unsigned 8 bit immediate value (ie 0-255 bytes). ïź A register (unshifted). ïź Choice of pre-indexed or post-indexed addressing
  • 31.
    31TM 3139v10 TheARM Architecture 0x5 0x5 r1 0x200 Base Register 0x200 r0 0x5 Source Register for STR Offset 12 0x20c r1 0x200 Original Base Register 0x200 r0 0x5 Source Register for STR Offset 12 0x20c r1 0x20c Updated Base Register Auto-update form: STR r0,[r1,#12]! Pre or Post Indexed Addressing? ïź Pre-indexed: STR r0,[r1,#12] ïź Post-indexed: STR r0,[r1],#12
  • 32.
    32TM 3239v10 TheARM Architecture LDM / STM operation ïź Syntax: <LDM|STM>{<cond>}<addressing_mode> Rb{!}, <register list> ïź 4 addressing modes: LDMIA / STMIA increment after LDMIB / STMIB increment before LDMDA / STMDA decrement after LDMDB / STMDB decrement before IA r1 Increasing Address r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r1 r4 r0 r10 IB DA DB LDMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} STMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} Base Register (Rb)
  • 33.
    33TM 3339v10 TheARM Architecture Software Interrupt (SWI) ïź Causes an exception trap to the SWI hardware vector ïź The SWI handler can examine the SWI number to decide what operation has been requested. ïź By using the SWI mechanism, an operating system can implement a set of privileged operations which applications running in user mode can request. ïź Syntax: ïź SWI{<cond>} <SWI number> 2831 2427 0 Cond 1 1 1 1 SWI number (ignored by processor) 23 Condition Field
  • 34.
    34TM 3439v10 TheARM Architecture PSR Transfer Instructions ïź MRS and MSR allow contents of CPSR / SPSR to be transferred to / from a general purpose register. ïź Syntax: ïź MRS{<cond>} Rd,<psr> ; Rd = <psr> ïź MSR{<cond>} <psr[_fields]>,Rm ; <psr[_fields]> = Rm where ïź <psr> = CPSR or SPSR ïź [_fields] = any combination of ‘fsxc’ ïź Also an immediate form ïź MSR{<cond>} <psr_fields>,#Immediate ïź In User Mode, all bits can be read but only the condition flags (_f) can be written. 2731 N Z C V Q 28 67 I F T mode 1623 815 5 4 024 f s x c U n d e f i n e dJ
  • 35.
    35TM 3539v10 TheARM Architecture ARM Branches and Subroutines ïź B <label> ïź PC relative. ±32 Mbyte range. ïź BL <subroutine> ïź Stores return address in LR ïź Returning implemented by restoring the PC from LR ïź For non-leaf functions, LR will have to be stacked STMFD sp!,{regs,lr} : BL func2 : LDMFD sp!,{regs,pc} func1 func2 : : BL func1 : : : : : : : MOV pc, lr
  • 36.
    36TM 3639v10 TheARM Architecture Thumb ïź Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set ïź Optimised for code density from C code (~65% of ARM code size) ïź Improved performance from narrow memory ïź Subset of the functionality of the ARM instruction set ïź Core has additional execution state - Thumb ïź Switch between ARM and Thumb using BX instruction 015 31 0 ADDS r2,r2,#1 ADD r2,#1 32-bit ARM Instruction 16-bit Thumb Instruction For most instructions generated by compiler: ïź Conditional execution is not used ïź Source and destination registers identical ïź Only Low registers used ïź Constants are of limited size ïź Inline barrel shifter not used
  • 37.
    37TM 3739v10 TheARM Architecture Agenda Introduction Programmers Model Instruction Sets ïź System Design Development Tools
  • 38.
    38TM 3839v10 TheARM Architecture Example ARM-based System 16 bit RAM 8 bit ROM 32 bit RAM ARM Core I/OPeripherals Interrupt Controller nFIQnIRQ
  • 39.
    39TM 3939v10 TheARM Architecture AMBA Bridge Timer On-chip RAM ARM Interrupt Controller Remap/ Pause TIC Arbiter Bus InterfaceExternal ROM External RAM Reset System Bus Peripheral Bus ïź AMBA ïź Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture ïź ADK ïź Complete AMBA Design Kit ïź ACT ïź AMBA Compliance Testbench ïź PrimeCell ïź ARM’s AMBA compliant peripherals AHB or ASB APB External Bus Interface Decoder
  • 40.
    40TM 4039v10 TheARM Architecture Agenda Introduction Programmers Model Instruction Sets System Design ïź Development Tools
  • 41.
    41TM 4139v10 TheARM Architecture The RealView Product Families Debug Tools AXD (part of ADS) Trace Debug Tools Multi-ICE Multi-Trace Platforms ARMulator (part of ADS) Integratorℱ Family Compilation Tools ARM Developer Suite (ADS) – Compilers (C/C++ ARM & Thumb), Linker & Utilities RealView Compilation Tools (RVCT) RealView Debugger (RVD) RealView ICE (RVI) RealView Trace (RVT) RealView ARMulator ISS (RVISS)
  • 42.
    42TM 4239v10 TheARM Architecture ARM Debug Architecture ARM core ETM TAP controller Trace PortJTAG port Ethernet Debugger (+ optional trace tools) ïź EmbeddedICE Logic ïź Provides breakpoints and processor/system access ïź JTAG interface (ICE) ïź Converts debugger commands to JTAG signals ïź Embedded trace Macrocell (ETM) ïź Compresses real-time instruction and data access trace ïź Contains ICE features (trigger & filter logic) ïź Trace port analyzer (TPA) ïź Captures trace in a deep buffer EmbeddedICE Logic