unit 2- OP AMP APPLICATIONS
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This document discusses various applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps) including: sign changers, phase lag/lead circuits, voltage-current converters, current-voltage converters, adders, subtractors, voltage followers, instrumentation amplifiers, diode applications like rectifiers and detectors, and clippers/clampers. It provides analysis and derivations of circuits using op-amps for transconductance amplification, summing, buffering inputs, and precision signal conditioning for applications like sensors and data acquisition.
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SFRA and Tan Delta tests are used to analyze the electrical characteristics of transformers. SFRA tests measure the frequency response to detect changes from physical damage, while Tan Delta tests measure the dielectric loss to identify moisture, shorts, or opens in the windings or insulation. Together these tests help ensure the transformer is functioning properly. Ratio, voltage, magnetizing current, balance, and BDV oil tests further verify the transformer's performance and insulation strength.
Q meter ppt
This document provides an overview of a Q-meter or RLC meter, which is an instrument used to measure the quality factor (Q factor) of coils and inductors, as well as their inductance, capacitance, and resistance at radio frequencies. It works by placing the coil under test in a series resonant circuit and measuring the ratio of voltage across the coil to the applied voltage, which directly corresponds to the Q factor. The document describes the typical construction, working principle, circuit diagram, and applications of a Q-meter, such as measuring the Q factor, impedance, and characteristic impedance of transmission lines.
Power Electronics - Phase Controlled Converters.pptx
A detailed analysis of the Controlled Converters with SCR. it contains a single-phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads., Three Phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads. Dual Converters. It also explains the effect of source inductance on the performance of converters
PE UNIT II.pptx
This document discusses different types of controlled rectifiers used in power electronics. It describes single phase and three phase rectifiers that are classified based on their input supply, quadrant of operation, number of pulses, and applications. Controlled rectifiers use thyristors instead of diodes for phase control. The document provides examples of half wave and full wave rectifiers with resistive and inductive-resistive loads. It also discusses three phase rectifiers and how they have reduced ripple content and can be used for high power applications.
Sig Con.ppt
This document discusses various types of signal conditioning circuits used in electrical measurement systems. It introduces bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. For bridge circuits, it covers Wheatstone bridges, current balance bridges, and their applications in potential measurements. For amplifiers, it discusses op-amp characteristics and various circuit configurations like summing amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, and differential amplifiers. It also introduces integrators, differentiators, and linearization circuits. Finally, it covers low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject, and twin-T notch filters, discussing their transfer functions and applications. Several examples and exercises are provided to illustrate the design and analysis of these signal conditioning circuits.
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Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
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Power Electronics - Phase Controlled Converters.pptx
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More from Karthik Vivek
Peak detector, instrumentation amp
This document discusses applications of operational amplifiers including peak detectors and instrumentation amplifiers. A peak detector uses an op-amp in a voltage follower configuration to either charge or discharge a capacitor based on the input voltage being greater than or less than the capacitor voltage. An instrumentation amplifier is used to measure small potential differences and provides benefits like high input impedance and common mode rejection. It operates by using three op-amps in a circuit to produce an output voltage proportional to the difference between its two inputs.
U3 op amp applications
This document discusses applications of operational amplifiers including instrumentation amplifiers, log and antilog amplifiers, active filters, comparators, waveform generators, clippers and clampers. Specifically, it covers log amplifiers using diodes or transistors with op-amps, temperature compensation circuits, and comparators which compare two inputs and output a signal. The document is a lecture on linear integrated circuits and their applications presented by an assistant professor.
Unit 1 ic fab
The document discusses the basic processes involved in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits. It describes the key steps which include silicon wafer preparation using the Czochralski crystal growth technique, epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, ion implantation, isolation techniques, metallization, and assembly/packaging. The overall goal is to introduce various impurities into a silicon wafer in precise locations and patterns to create the different components of an integrated circuit such as transistors, resistors and interconnects on a single silicon chip.
Fabrication of diodes, resistors, capacitors, fe ts
This document discusses the fabrication of different types of diodes and integrated circuits. It describes the fabrication process of Schottky barrier diodes using metal-semiconductor contacts and their low storage time characteristics. It also summarizes the fabrication of different types of integrated resistors like diffused, epitaxial, pinched, and thin film resistors. Additionally, it covers the construction of integrated junction and MOS capacitors. Finally, it outlines the fabrication process for JFET, MOSFET and CMOS devices.
Unit 3 part2
Program-level performance analysis.
Optimizing for:
Execution time.
Energy/power.
Program size.
Program validation and testing
Unit 3 part2
Program-level performance analysis.
Optimizing for:
Execution time.
Energy/power.
Program size.
Program validation and testing
Unit 3 part2
The document discusses various topics related to program design and analysis including:
1) Program-level performance analysis to understand execution time on complex platforms and optimize for time, energy, and size.
2) Measuring program performance using simulation, timers, or logic analyzers and analyzing metrics like average, worst, and best-case execution times.
3) Optimizing program performance by analyzing paths, loops, instruction timing considering factors like caches, pipelines, and data-dependent variations.
4) Validating program functionality through testing strategies like black-box and clear-box testing that examine inputs, outputs, and execution paths to verify correct behavior.
Compiler optimization
A compiler is a program that translates code written in one programming language into another language. Compilation has two phases - translation and optimization. The basic compilation phases are parsing, symbol table construction, machine-independent optimizations, machine-dependent optimizations, and assembly code generation. Compiler optimizations improve performance by techniques like dead code elimination, loop transformations, register allocation, instruction scheduling, and software pipelining.
Embedded programming u3 part 1
This document discusses embedded programming and is divided into several sections. It begins by stating the objectives and describing the target system. It then covers the main components of an embedded program including finite state machines, circular buffers, and queues. Different models of program design are explained such as C-text, data flow graphs, and control-data flow graphs. Finally, it discusses the processes of assembly, linking, and loading which involve generating symbol tables, combining object modules, and resolving addresses across modules in two phases.
ARM stacks, subroutines, Cortex M3, LPC 214X
The document summarizes the key features of the ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller and the NXP LPC2148 microcontroller. Some key points:
- The ARM Cortex-M3 is a 32-bit microcontroller with a three-stage pipeline, optional memory protection unit, and low power modes. It has peripherals like timers, serial interfaces, and analog to digital converters.
- The LPC2148 is a 32-bit microcontroller based on the ARM7 architecture. It has features like 32kB RAM, 512kB flash, 10-bit ADC, USB, UART, I2C, SPI, timers and watchdog timer.
- Both microcontrollers support low power
ARM inst set part 2
1. The document discusses various ARM instruction set categories including data processing, arithmetic, immediate, move, logical, shift, compare, data transfer, and control flow instructions. It explains the instruction format and provides examples.
2. Data processing instructions include arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and logical operations. Data transfer instructions cover load, store with different addressing modes.
3. Control flow instructions involve unconditional and conditional branches. Subroutines are implemented using branch and link (BL) which saves the return address in the link register.
ARM instruction set
The ARM instruction set defines how the CPU is controlled by software through instructions. It includes various types of instructions like data processing, data transfer, and control flow instructions. ARM uses 32-bit instructions and is heavily based on registers. It has 37 registers total. The ARM architecture is load/store, meaning there is no direct memory access - only load and store instructions can access memory. Instructions can conditionally execute and often use three operands.
ARM instruction set
The document discusses the ARM instruction set. It begins by defining the instruction set and describing the three states of operation: compiler, assembly, and object code. It then describes various types of instructions like data processing, data transfer, and control flow instructions. The rest of the document provides details on ARM characteristics, registers, conditional execution, addressing modes, and examples of instructions for common operations.
ARM Versions, architecture
This document discusses embedded and real-time systems based on ARM architecture. It covers the three modes of operation in ARM: ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and Jazelle-DBX/RCT for accelerating Java and supporting interpreted languages. It also summarizes the different ARM architecture versions from ARMv7 to ARMv8, describing their instruction sets and features. Finally, it provides overviews of ARM registers, memory organization, and other key concepts.
Unit 1a train
This document discusses the design of an embedded system to control model trains. It describes the requirements, including controlling the speed of up to 8 trains and sending error detection messages. It explains the working principle, with the user controlling trains via a console that sends signals over the tracks. The document also covers the DCC electrical and communication standards used to encode commands on the rails. It provides conceptual specifications, including classes for the console system and train system with functions like receiving and interpreting messages to control the train motor.
Unit2 arm
This document provides an introduction to embedded and real-time systems, focusing on the ARM processor, its architecture and peripherals. It discusses ARM architecture versions and instruction sets. It also covers the differences between Von Neumann and Harvard computer architectures. Real-time applications and the ARM dataflow operation are introduced. Specific topics covered include ARM-based products, ARM nomenclature, ARM features like its 32-bit architecture, load/store model and 3-stage pipeline. It also discusses ARM registers, modes of operation and the program status register.
Unit 1c
This document discusses various topics related to embedded system design including:
1. It describes the CRC (Classes, Responsibilities, Collaborators) card methodology for turning a specification into an architecture design. An example of CRC cards for an elevator system is provided.
2. It discusses quality assurance and standards like ISO 9000 and the Capability Maturity Model for ensuring systems work properly.
3. It covers designing with computing platforms, including choosing hardware and software components, development environments, and debugging techniques like logic analyzers and breakpoints.
4. Consumer electronics architectures are discussed, including requirements for multimedia devices, use cases for playback and connectivity, and typical hardware components like CPUs and DSPs.
Unit 1b
This document discusses various topics related to embedded and real-time system design including design methodologies, flows, requirements analysis, specifications, system analysis and architecture design, and quality assurance. It describes five design flows: waterfall model, spiral model, successive refinement, hierarchical design flows, and concurrent engineering. It also discusses requirements analysis, specifications languages like SDL, system analysis techniques like CRC cards, and quality assurance methods including ISO 9000 and CMM levels.
Unit 1a train
This document discusses the design of an embedded system to control model trains. It begins by describing the model train setup and controller mechanism. It then covers the embedded system design process, presenting requirements and a requirements form for the model train controller. The document explains the DCC standard protocol for model train control, including electrical standards for transmitting signals and packet formats. It provides conceptual and physical object-oriented specifications for the console and train classes and components, including how the train motor speed is controlled.
Introduction
This document discusses embedded real-time systems. It defines an embedded real-time system as an embedded system that has computer hardware and software designed to serve a single purpose alongside other peripherals. Real-time systems must perform tasks within a specified time constraint or deadline. The document outlines some key applications of embedded real-time systems like printing applications. It also discusses some important characteristics of embedded systems like being highly stable, enhanced performance, customizable, and having constraints like low memory and power consumption.
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
一比一原版(UMich毕业证)密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证成绩单专业办理
UMich毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
原版制作(unimelb毕业证书)墨尔本大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(unimelb毕业证书)墨尔本大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power System
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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unit 2- OP AMP APPLICATIONS
- 1. APLLICATIONS OF OP-AMP Mr. KARTHIKEYAN C M.E., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ECE, RMKCET
- 2. SIGN CHANGER, SCALE CHANGER
- 4. PHASE LAG MAGNITUDE AND PHASE PLOT
- 6. PHASE LEAD MAGNITUDE AND PHASE PLOT
- 7. VOLTAGE –CURRENT CONVERTER TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER • INPUT SENSOR V-I DISPLAY
- 9. GROUNDED LOAD APPLY KCL @ V1 NON INVERTING
- 10. APPLICATIONS VOLTAGE –CURRENT CONVERTER • Low Voltage D.C Voltmeter • Low Voltage A.C Voltmeter • Diode tester and Match finder • Zener diode tester
- 11. CURRENT – VOLTAGE CONVERTER TRANSRESISTANCE AMPLIFIER • INPUT 1. V0 controlled by input current 2. DAQ- stores only interms of volatge SENSOR I-V DAQ
- 12. CURRENT – VOLTAGE CONVERTER VIRTUAL GROUND REDUCE 1.HF NOISE 2.OSCILLATIONS
- 13. APPLICATIONS CURRENT – VOLTAGE CONVERTER • Photo diode detector • Photo FET Detector
- 14. ADDER inverting op amp with Rcomp
- 15. INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER APPLY KCL, Va=0
- 18. SUBTRACTOR 1. all R equal value 2.Superposition principle
- 19. ADDER-SUBTRACTOR
- 20. V01, V02
- 21. V03, V04
- 22. ADDER-SUBTRACTOR
- 23. VOLTAGE FOLLOWER (BUFFER) • From NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER,
- 24. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER • Intro • Features • Single DA op amp circuit – analysis • Problem- impedance mismatching • To eliminate- voltage follower/buffer @ input • Derivation • Explain IA using Transducer bridge
- 25. PRECISION DIODE
- 29. PEAK DETECTOR
- 30. CLIPPER
- 32. CLAMPER