Verilog Code for 16bit RISC Processor, with ALU, Program Counter, Instruction Memory, Data Memory and Control Unit full codes
Visit www.Hellocodings.com
This document describes the design and implementation of a 16-bit RISC processor based on Harvard architecture using an FPGA. The processor design uses a finite state machine approach and consists of four main modules - the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, datapath and processing unit. The ALU, control unit and datapath modules are modeled in Verilog HDL and their functionalities are verified through simulation using Xilinx ISE design tools. The processor is synthesized for implementation on a target FPGA.
The document describes the Xilinx 4000 series FPGA. It consists of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected through a programmable interconnect structure. Each CLB contains logic elements, flip flops, and configurable function generators. The interconnect structure includes direct connections between neighboring CLBs as well as general routing resources. Input/output blocks around the perimeter provide external connectivity. FPGAs offer advantages like rapid design times, flexibility for updates, and lower costs compared to ASICs, though ASICs can provide higher performance.
This project will provides a detailed explanation about a smart traffic light controller using verilog code along with test bench and the working principle and simulation outputs are been attached.
This document provides an overview of the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18's features such as its 8-bit architecture with 16-bit instruction sets, memory sizes including 256 bytes of EPROM and 2KB of SRAM. The document also discusses the PIC-18's addressing modes, memory organization with separate program and data memory spaces, and instruction pipelining capability.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
- ARM was developed in 1983 by Acorn Computers with a 4-man team to replace the 6502 processor in BBC computers. It has since become one of the most widely used processor cores in the world due to its simplicity, low power consumption, and use in portable devices.
- ARM Holdings licenses the ARM processor core designs to manufacturers but does not manufacture the chips itself. ARM cores power many products including PDAs, phones, media players, handheld game consoles, digital cameras, and more. Popular ARM architectures include ARM7TDMI and ARM9TDMI.
- The ARM architecture uses a load/store design with 32-bit fixed-length instructions operating on a large number of general purpose
This ppt is about full adder design using pass transistor logic. This circuit describe power reduction using proposed cell as standard element in technology library design for ultra low power. we provide guidance to m.tech students in thier final year research projects. We assist on IEEE projects to M.tech or PhD students. Students can contact us for VLSI Projects, Antenna Projects, MATLAB Projects
This document describes the design and implementation of a 16-bit RISC processor based on Harvard architecture using an FPGA. The processor design uses a finite state machine approach and consists of four main modules - the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, datapath and processing unit. The ALU, control unit and datapath modules are modeled in Verilog HDL and their functionalities are verified through simulation using Xilinx ISE design tools. The processor is synthesized for implementation on a target FPGA.
The document describes the Xilinx 4000 series FPGA. It consists of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected through a programmable interconnect structure. Each CLB contains logic elements, flip flops, and configurable function generators. The interconnect structure includes direct connections between neighboring CLBs as well as general routing resources. Input/output blocks around the perimeter provide external connectivity. FPGAs offer advantages like rapid design times, flexibility for updates, and lower costs compared to ASICs, though ASICs can provide higher performance.
This project will provides a detailed explanation about a smart traffic light controller using verilog code along with test bench and the working principle and simulation outputs are been attached.
This document provides an overview of the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18's features such as its 8-bit architecture with 16-bit instruction sets, memory sizes including 256 bytes of EPROM and 2KB of SRAM. The document also discusses the PIC-18's addressing modes, memory organization with separate program and data memory spaces, and instruction pipelining capability.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
- ARM was developed in 1983 by Acorn Computers with a 4-man team to replace the 6502 processor in BBC computers. It has since become one of the most widely used processor cores in the world due to its simplicity, low power consumption, and use in portable devices.
- ARM Holdings licenses the ARM processor core designs to manufacturers but does not manufacture the chips itself. ARM cores power many products including PDAs, phones, media players, handheld game consoles, digital cameras, and more. Popular ARM architectures include ARM7TDMI and ARM9TDMI.
- The ARM architecture uses a load/store design with 32-bit fixed-length instructions operating on a large number of general purpose
This ppt is about full adder design using pass transistor logic. This circuit describe power reduction using proposed cell as standard element in technology library design for ultra low power. we provide guidance to m.tech students in thier final year research projects. We assist on IEEE projects to M.tech or PhD students. Students can contact us for VLSI Projects, Antenna Projects, MATLAB Projects
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
This document discusses the history and characteristics of CISC and RISC architectures. It describes how CISC architectures were developed in the 1950s-1970s to address hardware limitations at the time by allowing instructions to perform multiple operations. RISC architectures emerged in the late 1970s-1980s as hardware improved, focusing on simpler instructions that could be executed faster through pipelining. Common RISC and CISC processors used commercially are also outlined.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ARM instruction set architecture including:
- ARM instructions are 32-bit and there are 232 possible instructions defined.
- ARM uses a load-store architecture with 3-address instructions and conditional execution.
- The instruction set supports data processing, data movement, and flow control instructions. Data processing instructions support register, immediate, and shifted register operands.
- Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set extension to the 32-bit ARM architecture that provides higher code density and smaller memory requirements compared to standard ARM code.
- Thumb instructions are 16-bits wide while ARM instructions are 32-bits wide, allowing Thumb code to be half the size of equivalent ARM code.
- Thumb code executes on ARM processors by decompressing Thumb instructions into their 32-bit ARM equivalents on the processor.
This document discusses trends and challenges in VLSI technology. It notes that Moore's law of transistor density doubling every 18 months has continued to drive semiconductor scaling. However, smaller geometries create challenges like increased power consumption and reliability issues. Future progress will require advances in areas like low-power design techniques, fault tolerance, and active power management to balance performance with other constraints as technology scales.
This document describes the design and implementation of a universal shift register (USR) in Verilog. It includes:
1) A block diagram and description of a USR that can perform shift left, shift right, and parallel load operations using D flip-flops and 4-to-1 multiplexers.
2) The Verilog code for the USR module using D flip-flop and 4-to-1 multiplexer submodules.
3) The test bench and simulation results verifying the USR functionality.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
Four way traffic light conrol using VerilogUtkarsh De
This presentation summarizes the history and development of traffic lights. It discusses how the first traffic light was installed in London in 1868 [1]. It then provides details on the typical light sequences of red, yellow, and green [2]. The presentation goes on to describe how a basic four-way traffic light system can be modeled using a state diagram and Verilog code [3]. It concludes by discussing how more advanced traffic light controllers can help improve urban traffic flow.
The document provides an overview of the TMS320C6x architecture. It describes the TMS320C6x as a 32-bit VLIW digital signal processor introduced by Texas Instruments. Key features include its ability to execute up to 8 instructions per cycle and support for floating point operations. The architecture includes 8 functional units, internal memory, external memory interfaces, and peripherals like EDMA controllers and timers. The TMS320C6x is well suited for applications involving real-time signal processing like image and speech processing.
The TMS320C5x DSP architecture is based on the C25 with some enhancements. It uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memory buses. The CPU contains a CALU for arithmetic, PLU for logic, and ARAU for address calculations. On-chip memory includes ROM, DARAM, and SARAM. Peripherals include serial ports, timers, interrupts, and I/O. The architecture provides high performance with low power consumption and compatibility with prior C series DSPs.
1) The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including their basic function of converting continuous analog signals to discrete digital numbers.
2) It describes several types of ADCs - flash, successive approximation, dual slope, and delta-sigma - along with their relative speeds and costs.
3) The document then focuses on the ATD10B8C ADC present on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, outlining its key features, registers, and how to set it up and use it to take single-channel or multi-channel conversions.
Verilog full adder in dataflow & gate level modelling style.Omkar Rane
This document describes two different models for a full adder circuit - a dataflow model and a gate level model. The dataflow model uses assign statements to directly define the sum (s) and carry out (cout) outputs in terms of the inputs (a, b, cin). The gate level model builds the full adder using lower level logic gates like xor, and, or connected via internal wires to compute the sum and carry outputs.
CISC processors use complex instructions to complete tasks in fewer lines of code, while RISC processors use only simple instructions that execute in one clock cycle. ARM introduced the Thumb instruction set, where instructions are 16 bits rather than ARM's 32 bits, to reduce memory requirements. Thumb code takes up around 30% less memory than equivalent ARM code. Thumb instructions allow switching between ARM and Thumb modes and provide stack operations like PUSH and POP with 16-bit instructions, improving code density for embedded systems that typically use RISC architectures.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
This document discusses various designs for digital multipliers. It begins by reviewing the basic building blocks used in digital circuits and how binary multiplication works by adding partial products. It then describes approaches for implementing multiplication, including right shift and add serial multipliers and faster parallel array and tree multipliers. Booth encoding is introduced as a technique to reduce the number of stages in a multiplier. Implementation details are provided for array and Wallace tree multipliers, including the use of compression cells like the (4,2) counter. Optimization goals for multipliers differ from adders in emphasizing reducing the critical path.
The document provides instructions on the ADD operation in 3 sentences or less:
The ADD instruction adds the contents of a data memory address or constant to the contents of the accumulator register and stores the result in the accumulator. It can use direct, indirect, short immediate, or long immediate addressing modes and affects the carry and overflow status bits depending on the addressing mode used. Examples are provided to demonstrate the instruction using different addressing modes and the effect on registers and status bits.
The document introduces RISC-V, an open instruction set architecture originated at UC Berkeley, outlines its design goals of being freely available and suitable for direct hardware implementation, and describes aspects of its ISA design including its load-store architecture, lack of condition codes, and support for 32, 64, and 128-bit addressing as well as its calling convention for passing arguments in registers and on the stack.
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
The document discusses ARM7 multiplication instructions. It describes six instructions: MUL, MLA, UMULL, UMLAL, SMULL, and SMLAL. MUL multiplies two 32-bit registers and stores the lower 32 bits of the result. The other instructions multiply 32-bit registers to produce 64-bit results. UMULL, UMLAL, SMULL, and SMLAL retain all 64 bits of the product, while MLA also allows accumulating a multiplication with the contents of another register. Examples are given of using each instruction type.
Processor organization & register organizationGhanshyam Patel
This document describes the key components and organization of a processor. It explains that a processor contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform computations and a control unit to control data movement and the ALU. Registers are used to store data and instructions temporarily. There are user-visible registers for programmers to optimize code, including general purpose, data, address and condition code registers. Control and status registers like the program counter, instruction register and program status word control instruction fetching and processor state.
The document discusses the functional requirements and design of a central processing unit (CPU). It describes the main components that must be included in the CPU design such as an instruction fetch unit, operand fetch unit, register file, instruction register, instruction decoder, and arithmetic logic unit. It then provides details on the register file design for the Intel 8086 processor including the segment and pointer registers used for memory addressing. Finally, it outlines the six addressing modes used by the Intel 8086 for accessing data in memory.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
This document discusses the history and characteristics of CISC and RISC architectures. It describes how CISC architectures were developed in the 1950s-1970s to address hardware limitations at the time by allowing instructions to perform multiple operations. RISC architectures emerged in the late 1970s-1980s as hardware improved, focusing on simpler instructions that could be executed faster through pipelining. Common RISC and CISC processors used commercially are also outlined.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ARM instruction set architecture including:
- ARM instructions are 32-bit and there are 232 possible instructions defined.
- ARM uses a load-store architecture with 3-address instructions and conditional execution.
- The instruction set supports data processing, data movement, and flow control instructions. Data processing instructions support register, immediate, and shifted register operands.
- Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set extension to the 32-bit ARM architecture that provides higher code density and smaller memory requirements compared to standard ARM code.
- Thumb instructions are 16-bits wide while ARM instructions are 32-bits wide, allowing Thumb code to be half the size of equivalent ARM code.
- Thumb code executes on ARM processors by decompressing Thumb instructions into their 32-bit ARM equivalents on the processor.
This document discusses trends and challenges in VLSI technology. It notes that Moore's law of transistor density doubling every 18 months has continued to drive semiconductor scaling. However, smaller geometries create challenges like increased power consumption and reliability issues. Future progress will require advances in areas like low-power design techniques, fault tolerance, and active power management to balance performance with other constraints as technology scales.
This document describes the design and implementation of a universal shift register (USR) in Verilog. It includes:
1) A block diagram and description of a USR that can perform shift left, shift right, and parallel load operations using D flip-flops and 4-to-1 multiplexers.
2) The Verilog code for the USR module using D flip-flop and 4-to-1 multiplexer submodules.
3) The test bench and simulation results verifying the USR functionality.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
Four way traffic light conrol using VerilogUtkarsh De
This presentation summarizes the history and development of traffic lights. It discusses how the first traffic light was installed in London in 1868 [1]. It then provides details on the typical light sequences of red, yellow, and green [2]. The presentation goes on to describe how a basic four-way traffic light system can be modeled using a state diagram and Verilog code [3]. It concludes by discussing how more advanced traffic light controllers can help improve urban traffic flow.
The document provides an overview of the TMS320C6x architecture. It describes the TMS320C6x as a 32-bit VLIW digital signal processor introduced by Texas Instruments. Key features include its ability to execute up to 8 instructions per cycle and support for floating point operations. The architecture includes 8 functional units, internal memory, external memory interfaces, and peripherals like EDMA controllers and timers. The TMS320C6x is well suited for applications involving real-time signal processing like image and speech processing.
The TMS320C5x DSP architecture is based on the C25 with some enhancements. It uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memory buses. The CPU contains a CALU for arithmetic, PLU for logic, and ARAU for address calculations. On-chip memory includes ROM, DARAM, and SARAM. Peripherals include serial ports, timers, interrupts, and I/O. The architecture provides high performance with low power consumption and compatibility with prior C series DSPs.
1) The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including their basic function of converting continuous analog signals to discrete digital numbers.
2) It describes several types of ADCs - flash, successive approximation, dual slope, and delta-sigma - along with their relative speeds and costs.
3) The document then focuses on the ATD10B8C ADC present on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, outlining its key features, registers, and how to set it up and use it to take single-channel or multi-channel conversions.
Verilog full adder in dataflow & gate level modelling style.Omkar Rane
This document describes two different models for a full adder circuit - a dataflow model and a gate level model. The dataflow model uses assign statements to directly define the sum (s) and carry out (cout) outputs in terms of the inputs (a, b, cin). The gate level model builds the full adder using lower level logic gates like xor, and, or connected via internal wires to compute the sum and carry outputs.
CISC processors use complex instructions to complete tasks in fewer lines of code, while RISC processors use only simple instructions that execute in one clock cycle. ARM introduced the Thumb instruction set, where instructions are 16 bits rather than ARM's 32 bits, to reduce memory requirements. Thumb code takes up around 30% less memory than equivalent ARM code. Thumb instructions allow switching between ARM and Thumb modes and provide stack operations like PUSH and POP with 16-bit instructions, improving code density for embedded systems that typically use RISC architectures.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
This document discusses various designs for digital multipliers. It begins by reviewing the basic building blocks used in digital circuits and how binary multiplication works by adding partial products. It then describes approaches for implementing multiplication, including right shift and add serial multipliers and faster parallel array and tree multipliers. Booth encoding is introduced as a technique to reduce the number of stages in a multiplier. Implementation details are provided for array and Wallace tree multipliers, including the use of compression cells like the (4,2) counter. Optimization goals for multipliers differ from adders in emphasizing reducing the critical path.
The document provides instructions on the ADD operation in 3 sentences or less:
The ADD instruction adds the contents of a data memory address or constant to the contents of the accumulator register and stores the result in the accumulator. It can use direct, indirect, short immediate, or long immediate addressing modes and affects the carry and overflow status bits depending on the addressing mode used. Examples are provided to demonstrate the instruction using different addressing modes and the effect on registers and status bits.
The document introduces RISC-V, an open instruction set architecture originated at UC Berkeley, outlines its design goals of being freely available and suitable for direct hardware implementation, and describes aspects of its ISA design including its load-store architecture, lack of condition codes, and support for 32, 64, and 128-bit addressing as well as its calling convention for passing arguments in registers and on the stack.
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
The document discusses ARM7 multiplication instructions. It describes six instructions: MUL, MLA, UMULL, UMLAL, SMULL, and SMLAL. MUL multiplies two 32-bit registers and stores the lower 32 bits of the result. The other instructions multiply 32-bit registers to produce 64-bit results. UMULL, UMLAL, SMULL, and SMLAL retain all 64 bits of the product, while MLA also allows accumulating a multiplication with the contents of another register. Examples are given of using each instruction type.
Processor organization & register organizationGhanshyam Patel
This document describes the key components and organization of a processor. It explains that a processor contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform computations and a control unit to control data movement and the ALU. Registers are used to store data and instructions temporarily. There are user-visible registers for programmers to optimize code, including general purpose, data, address and condition code registers. Control and status registers like the program counter, instruction register and program status word control instruction fetching and processor state.
The document discusses the functional requirements and design of a central processing unit (CPU). It describes the main components that must be included in the CPU design such as an instruction fetch unit, operand fetch unit, register file, instruction register, instruction decoder, and arithmetic logic unit. It then provides details on the register file design for the Intel 8086 processor including the segment and pointer registers used for memory addressing. Finally, it outlines the six addressing modes used by the Intel 8086 for accessing data in memory.
4bit pc report[cse 08-section-b2_group-02]shibbirtanvin
The document describes the design and implementation of a 4-bit very simple computer system as an assignment. Key aspects of the design include a 2-stage pipeline with separate fetch and execution units, Harvard architecture with separate instruction and data memory, and a microprogrammed control unit. The computer is designed to execute 28 instructions from an assigned instruction set in an efficient manner using as few clock cycles and chips as possible.
This document discusses the structure and function of a CPU. It describes the basic components of a processor including the ALU, control unit, and registers. It explains the roles of different types of registers like general purpose, data, address, and control/status registers. The document then outlines the basic instruction cycle including fetch, execute, and interrupt cycles. It provides diagrams to illustrate the data flow during these cycles. Finally, it introduces the concept of pipelining which allows overlapping the stages of instruction processing to improve processor throughput.
The document discusses the basic structure of computers, explaining that they consist of five main units: input, memory, arithmetic and logic, output, and control. It describes the functions of each unit and how they work together, with the memory storing instructions and data, the arithmetic and logic unit performing operations, and the control unit coordinating everything. The document also provides details on memory types, addressing, bus structures, and how instructions are fetched and executed through the interaction of the processor and memory.
03. top level view of computer function & interconnectionnoman yasin
This document discusses the basic components and functions of a computer system with a single processor architecture. It covers the von Neumann architecture, hardwired programs, instruction interpretation, the fetch-execute cycle, interrupts and how they are handled, I/O functions, and different structures for interconnecting computer components.
An Enhanced FPGA Based Asynchronous Microprocessor Design Using VIVADO and ISIMjournalBEEI
This paper deals with the novel design and implementation of asynchronous microprocessor by using HDL on Vivado tool wherein it has the capability of handling even I-Type, R-Type and Jump instructions with multiplier instruction packet. Moreover, it uses separate memory for instructions and data read-write that can be changed at any time. The complete design has been synthesized and simulated using Vivado. The complete design is targeted on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. This paper more focuses on the use of Vivado Tool for advanced FPGA device. By using Vivado we get enhaced analysis result for better view of properly Route & Placed design.
Ee6403 --unit v -digital signal processorsJeya Bright
The document discusses the architecture of a digital signal processor (DSP). It describes key components like the central processing unit, memory architecture, instruction set, and on-chip peripherals. The CPU contains an ALU, accumulators, barrel shifter, multiplier, and other functional units. It uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories and multiple buses. Pipelining allows overlapping of instruction execution. On-chip peripherals include timers, serial ports, and a DMA controller.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, functions, and operation. It describes how the CPU reads and executes program instructions, performs calculations, and controls devices. It discusses the CPU's main components like registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and their functions. It explains how the CPU fetches, decodes, executes instructions, and returns results in a four phase process using clock pulses and memory units like RAM, ROM, and cache.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
1. The basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
2. The evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit sizes.
3. An overview of the internal structure of a microprocessor, including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, program counter, and condition code register.
4. A description of the bus system including the data bus, address bus, and control bus that allow communication between the microprocessor and other computer components.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
- The basic components of a computer system using block diagrams including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
- The evolution of microprocessors from 4 to 64 bytes.
- The internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, and stack pointer.
- Examples of microprocessors such as the Intel 8085 and 8086.
The document describes the von Neumann architecture, including its main components: main memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, CPU registers, and I/O equipment. The CPU consists of registers like the program counter, instruction register, and memory address register. The control unit interprets instructions and causes them to execute. Main memory stores both instructions and data, while the ALU performs arithmetic operations. I/O equipment is controlled by the control unit to input and output data.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and how it executes instructions. It defines the CPU as the brain of the computer with two main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations while the control unit extracts, decodes, and executes instructions, calling on the ALU when needed. It describes the various registers used by the CPU like the program counter, accumulator, and memory address register. It outlines the instruction cycle of fetch, decode, and execute and provides an example of how the CPU would carry out an add instruction.
Design of FPGA based 8-bit RISC Controller IP core using VHDLAneesh Raveendran
This paper describes the design, development and
implementation of an 8-bit RISC controller IP core. The
controller has been designed using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The design constraints are speed, power and area. This controller is efficient for specific applications and suitable for small applications. This non-pipelined controller has four units: - Fetch, Decode, Execute and a stage control unit. It has an in built program and data memory. Also it has four ports for communicating with other I/O devices. A hierarchical approach has been used so that basic units can be modeled using behavioral programming. The basic
units are combined using structural programming. The design
has been implemented using ALTERA STRATIX II FPGA
8 bit Microprocessor with Single Vectored InterruptHardik Manocha
SoC consists of instruction memory, main memory and microprocessor unit. Instructions are fetched using PC and as per the instruction, main memory and register memory are accessed. 8 bit data bus is built. Working on developing programs to look for microprocessor operation.
The document discusses machine structure and system programming. It begins with an overview of system software components like assemblers, loaders, macros, compilers and formal systems. It then describes the general machine structure including CPU, memory and I/O channels. Specific details are provided about the IBM 360 machine structure including its memory, registers, data, instructions and special features. Machine language and different approaches to writing machine language programs are also summarized.
- Computer instruction codes are the basic components of machine language programs and are encoded in binary.
- Each instruction code contains an operation code that designates the operation (e.g. add, subtract) and may contain operands that indicate where data is located in registers or memory.
- The CPU uses the operation code and operands to perform a sequence of micro-operations and control hardware to carry out the instruction.
The document discusses the key components and characteristics of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU's main components as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. It also discusses other components like registers, cache, and different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and their characteristics. The document compares RISC and CISC architectures and covers concepts like multicore processors, overclocking, threading and CPU sockets.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Contents
Data Path of Processor
BLOCK Diagram
Why RISC?
ALU
Program Counter
Instruction Memory
RAM
Multiplexors
Register
Control Unit
5. RISC
Why was RISC introduced ?
As compared with CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) which takes a
complex time to execute the instructions was reducing the performance of
computing where the speed was drowning when CPU contacts the data memory.
Hence another alternative was set in motion and that was RISC architecture.
6. ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit compiles the arithmetic operation, logical operations.
Arithmetic Operations can be counted as addition, subtraction etc.
Logical Operations are like AND, OR, NAND between two binary numbers
Operations depends on the opcode from the control unit.
It takes 2 clock cycles to process data
Code for ALU here HERE
7. Program Counter
Program counter has to update the counter which points to the location of next
instruction. It will get updated as soon as the prior instruction is executed.
Program Counter location can be changed by the opcode provided like that of
JUMP instructions etc.
Code for Program Counter is HERE
8. Instruction Memory
Instruction Memory has an instruction length of 16 bits here.
It holds the information or better say the instruction that has to be performed
successively.
As soon as the instruction is executed new instruction loaded into memory.
Can execute any instruction depending on the opcode.
Support for JMP, BEQ, Iformat, J-format, J-format instruction
9. Data Memory RAM
Data Memory has to either store the ALU data at a primary location or it has to
return the data stored previously in it as per requested.
Comes in action with I format instructions
LOAD and STORE instructions access the data memory. When LOAD is required
data from a location in retrieved and when STORE I loaded data is loader or
written at the location provided.
10. Multiplexors
Multiplexors have been used here to decide the JUMP location, Register Location
to write and Arithmetic input. It is also used to select the address to new location
in instruction memory.
Select Lines are controlled by Control Unit.
11. Control Unit
Control Unit is the master here. It has an input from instruction memory in terms
of opcode. Based on the opcode it takes the descision which component of the
processor has to be READ enable, WRITE enable or multiplexors select lines or ALU
select and Data Memory RE/WR line.
12. Specifications
Register Maximum Frquency Obtained 597.44 MHz
Instruction Memory Frequency Obtained 119.45 MHz
Data Memory Maximum Frequency Obtained 233.68 Mhz
The whole Processor speed 189.97 MHz