1. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding accounts for 1% of GI hemorrhage and remains undiagnosed in 25% of cases, mostly of lower GI origin.
2. Video capsule endoscopy has a high success rate of 90% for evaluating obscure GI bleeding and identifying sources such as small intestinal ulcers or colonic polyps.
3. For patients with transfusion-dependent obscure-occult bleeding, intraoperative endoscopy using a pediatric colonoscope introduced through the mouth, anus, or entereotomy can examine the whole bowel to locate bleeding sources.
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
in this presentation me & my colleagues discuss briefly the types of mesenteric ischemia ( acute , chronic , venous ) and its related syndromes (superior mesenteric artery syndrome , celiac trunk syndrome and supply it by good radiologic images ..
Seminar present the Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding problems
Edited by : Dr. Inzar Yassen & Dr. Ammar L. Aldwaf
in Hawler Medical Uni. collage of medicine in 14/01/2014
Iraq - Kurdistan - Erbil
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
Approach to patient with upper GIT bleeding
in this presentation me & my colleagues discuss briefly the types of mesenteric ischemia ( acute , chronic , venous ) and its related syndromes (superior mesenteric artery syndrome , celiac trunk syndrome and supply it by good radiologic images ..
Seminar present the Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding problems
Edited by : Dr. Inzar Yassen & Dr. Ammar L. Aldwaf
in Hawler Medical Uni. collage of medicine in 14/01/2014
Iraq - Kurdistan - Erbil
Surgery Resident clinical seminar on the management of a 60yr old male with upper gastrointestinal bleeding presented to the department of surgery, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State
Simple and Algorthymic approach ,covering all aspects of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
A concise discussion of the diagnostic approach to obscure
bleeding.
Fundamental principles of initial evaluation and management followed with a welldefined and logical approach to the patient with GI hemorrhage
is outlined.
2 cases of colorectal trauma - one due to blunt trauma abdomen and one due to penetrating trauma to rectum are discussed in the light of colorectal trauma
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. Over last 20 years-
Rampant use of NSAIDs and SSRIs
Advent of newer PPIs
•Overall, the incidence of hospitalization for acute
gastrointestinal bleeding has fallen by a modest 4%
between years 1998 and 2006.*
*Ref:Sabiston,20th edition, page 1139
4. 1. Upper GI bleed
2. Lower GI bleed
3. Obscure GI bleed
5. Resuscitation – First priority
Attempts made at diagnosis – when
patient stable
Run parallel – when possible
Better revive the
patient before you
have to diagnose him
in AUTOPSY
13. Directly due to the
bleed-
1. Haematemesis
2. Haematochezia
3. Malena
14. As a Consequence of the blood loss
Signs of shock
Respiratory distress due to aspiration
As symptoms of underlying disease
Pain
Vomiting
In case of scanty blood loss
Only symptoms of anemia
15. •Detailed account of pain and vomiting
•Age
•Bowel habit & other personal histories
•History of medication and prior surgery
•History of past illnesses
16. 1. General survey
2. Examination of the oral cavity, nasopharynx
and oropharynx
3. Abdominal examination
4. Looking for signs (stigmata) of chronic liver
disease- such as jaundice, ascites, palmer
erythema, caput medusa etc.
17. History and physical
examination strongly suggests
Oesophagogastrodudenoscopy (preferably within first 24 hours)
Diagnostic
Treatment
Non-diagnostic
Slow haemorrhage
RBC scan
Massive haemorrhage
Angiography
Operation
Time is of paramount importance
18.
19. Merits-
-Highly accurate
-helps in risk stratification
-Identify the underlying disease
-Therapeutic interventions
-Taking biopsy specimen
24. When in
doubt,
perform EGD
to exclude
Upper GI
bleed
When history and physical
examination strongly suggests
Lower GI bleeding
Extent of
bleeding
Slow
haemorrhage
colonoscopy
Massive
haemorrhage
angiography
Diagnostic
Non-diagnostic
•RBC scan
•Capsule
endoscopy
•CT angiography
25. Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage-
•Multiple sources (40% cases)
•Longer list of D/D
•More difficult to diagnose
•Intermittent
•commonly ceases spontaneously
•Less extensive
•lower mortality rates
27. - minimal to moderate bleeding
-within 24 hours, can be quite accurate
-Can identify :active bleeding site, clot adherent
to mucosa,diverticula, Polyps, cancers, and
inflammatory causes;
-therapeutic intervention
-collection of biopsy sample
-Ineffective in massive haemorrhage
-Risk of complications are high
-Needs expertise for performance
30. CT angiography
Sensitivity and specificity similar to radionuclide
scanning
More accurate in localizing the bleeding
CT angiograhy
31. Mesenteric artery angiography
Can only be used in ongoing haemorrhage
Can diagnose bleeding at a rate of 0.5-1.0mL/min
Best for diagnosing angiodysplasia and actively bleeding diverticula
Can be used therapeutically- vasopressors and embolization
High risk of complications
Selective
mesenteric
Mesenteric artery
angiography
32. Obscure GI bleeding
Obscure GI hemorrhage is defined as bleeding that persists or recurs after an initial
negative evaluation with EGD and colonoscopy.*
1. Obscure-overt bleeding: EGD and colonoscopy fail to localize the site but visible bleeding
present.
2. Obscure-occult bleeding: characterized by iron deficiency anemia or guaiac-positive stools
without visible bleeding.
*Sabiston, 20th edition, page 1155
33. Significance of obscure GI bleeding:
•Accounts for 1% of gastrointestinal haemorrhage
•Frustrating for both patient and doctors
•25% cases remain undiagnosed (mostly lower GI origin)
•High rate of rebleeding (33-50% within 3-5 years)
•Repeated blood transfusion needed
34.
35. Repeated endoscopy:
Repeat esophagoduodenoscopy and colonoscopy
Identifies the lesion in 35% cases (most cases distal to ligament of Treitz)
Conventional imaging:
RBC scanning, angiography
Provocative tests
Small bowel enteroclysis (largely abandoned now)
Computed tomographic enterography
Meckel’s diverticulum scanning (especially in young patients)
Meckel’s scan
Small bowel enteroclysis
36. Small bowel enteroscopy
& sonde pull endoscopy, double balloon endoscopy
Push endoscopy uses paediatric colonoscope;
Can reach up to 50-70 cm beyond ligament of Treitz;
Success rate 40%
Double balloon endoscopy is successful in 85% cases of occult bleeding
(performed within 1 month);
if done within 72 hours, more successful than capsule endoscopy
Therapeutic intervention, biopsy possible
37. Video Capsule Endoscopy
•Well tolerated
•Has a high success rate of 90%
•Best for haemodynamically stable patients
having ongoing GI bleed
•Time consuming
•Warrants
continuous presence of a doctor
•Contraindicated
in intestinal obstruction and motility disorders
38. Intraoperative endoscopy
•In patients with
transfusion-dependent occult-obscure bleeding
•Paediatric colonoscope used
•Introduced through mouth/anus/entereotomy
•Whole bowel can be run
•Obscure bleeding sources identified
•Therapeutic intervention
Colonic polyp
Small intestinal
ulcer
39. Resuscitation first, and resuscitate fast
EGD within 24 hours: in upper GI bleed
Colonoscopy: in moderate lower GI bleed
Treat underlying disease: prevent rebleed
Newer modalities attempted only after EGD and colonoscopy fail
repeatedly.