Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 3
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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 2
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
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Unit1: Organisation of Human Body
This document provides an overview of the organization of the human body from the subatomic to the organ system level. It begins by defining the different levels of organization, from subatomic to cellular to tissue to organ to system. Key points include that cells are the basic functional units that form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, and organ systems work together in an organized way. The document then discusses cell structure and function, including the cell membrane and different mechanisms of transport. It also covers the differentiation of cells into tissues, the main tissue types, and how organs are formed from tissues to perform specific functions. Finally, it classifies the main organ systems by their role in nutrition, reproduction, or interaction and notes that all systems work in
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 1
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Am-medicine/207726329406832
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1409138472653811/
Cell anatomy
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions, and the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Specific organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes, are also summarized.
Cell and cell organelles
This document summarizes the main components and functions of cells and cell organelles. It describes that cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The key organelles discussed include the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytosol and cytoskeleton. Each organelle is briefly described in terms of its structure and main functions in the cell.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane acts as a gatekeeper that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It uses both passive and active transport. Passive transport relies on diffusion and moves substances along concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy and can move substances against concentration gradients using mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives cells structure and allows for selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
introduction to human physiology
The document discusses several key topics in human physiology:
1) It describes homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions in the body. Various organ systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems help maintain homeostasis.
2) It discusses the structure and functions of cells, including their membranous structures, organelles, water and ion content, and proteins.
3) It examines the locomotion of cells through ameboid movement and ciliary movement, describing the mechanisms by which these types of cell movement occur.
Transport across cell membrane
cell biology topic transport across cell membrane. transport of important structures accross plasma mebrane of different types of cell in humans. structure and function of cell membane
Recommended
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 2
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Am-medicine/207726329406832
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1409138472653811/
Unit1: Organisation of Human Body
This document provides an overview of the organization of the human body from the subatomic to the organ system level. It begins by defining the different levels of organization, from subatomic to cellular to tissue to organ to system. Key points include that cells are the basic functional units that form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, and organ systems work together in an organized way. The document then discusses cell structure and function, including the cell membrane and different mechanisms of transport. It also covers the differentiation of cells into tissues, the main tissue types, and how organs are formed from tissues to perform specific functions. Finally, it classifies the main organ systems by their role in nutrition, reproduction, or interaction and notes that all systems work in
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 1
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Am-medicine/207726329406832
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1409138472653811/
Cell anatomy
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions, and the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Specific organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes, are also summarized.
Cell and cell organelles
This document summarizes the main components and functions of cells and cell organelles. It describes that cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The key organelles discussed include the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytosol and cytoskeleton. Each organelle is briefly described in terms of its structure and main functions in the cell.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane acts as a gatekeeper that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It uses both passive and active transport. Passive transport relies on diffusion and moves substances along concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy and can move substances against concentration gradients using mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives cells structure and allows for selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
introduction to human physiology
The document discusses several key topics in human physiology:
1) It describes homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions in the body. Various organ systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems help maintain homeostasis.
2) It discusses the structure and functions of cells, including their membranous structures, organelles, water and ion content, and proteins.
3) It examines the locomotion of cells through ameboid movement and ciliary movement, describing the mechanisms by which these types of cell movement occur.
Transport across cell membrane
cell biology topic transport across cell membrane. transport of important structures accross plasma mebrane of different types of cell in humans. structure and function of cell membane
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Cell and cell organlles
This document compares and contrasts animal and plant cells. It notes that both cell types have a cell membrane and plastids, while only plant cells have a cell wall. It then provides more detailed information about various cell organelles found in both animal and plant cells, including their structure, functions, and role in cellular processes like transport and energy production. Key organelles discussed include the nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles.
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Cell structure and function can be summarized in 3 points:
1. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
2. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles). Eukaryotic cells, which include plants and animals, have internal structures like a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. A typical animal cell is enclosed by a cell membrane and contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes that allow the cell to carry out life functions like respiration, protein
Anatomy terminology
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It describes the structural hierarchy of the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key concepts covered include homeostasis, feedback loops, disease, anatomical position and planes, and directional terms.
Transport Across Cell Membranes
The document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the structure and function of cell membranes, including their semipermeable nature. It then explains various transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis that allow materials to move across membranes. Specific examples are given of how these transport mechanisms function in cells, lungs, and other organisms and systems to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomy and physiology Introduction Chapter 1 Notes
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, outlining key concepts such as anatomical position, body cavities, homeostasis, and levels of organization. It defines anatomy and physiology and describes the basic functions of the human body including movement, growth, digestion, and excretion. The reading also explains homeostasis and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the endoskeleton. It has two divisions: the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. The skeleton contains over 200 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling through bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Joints allow movement and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints. Common skeletal conditions include osteoporosis which weakens bones, and curvatures of the spine like scol
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The document discusses cell structure and function. It covers the cell theory, basic structures of the cell including the plasma membrane and organelles, and functions of the cell like communication and metabolism. It describes limits to cell size and provides details on the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. It also summarizes the structure and roles of various organelles and discusses cell division and the life cycle.
Nervous system
The nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and acts as the main control center. The brain controls all body functions and processes sensory information. The spinal cord relays messages between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body using cranial and spinal nerves. It links the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles throughout the body.
Biology, cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like material that makes up the region between the cell membrane and nucleus. It contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions. Cytosol is a solution of water, proteins, sugars, and dissolved gases that provides the environment for biochemical reactions. Organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and chloroplasts carry out specialized functions. Inclusions are non-living substances like glycogen granules, lipid droplets, and pigments that cells store or secrete. The cytoplasm is the site where most cell activities occur.
Introduction of tissue - Epithelial tissue
This document discusses the different types of tissues in the body, with a focus on epithelial tissue. It defines tissue as groups of cells organized to perform specific functions. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings and has closely packed cells held together by junctions. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and layer arrangement into simple and stratified types, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium. The document provides detailed descriptions of each epithelial tissue type including their location and functions such as secretion, protection and absorption.
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The document summarizes cellular structures and functions. It identifies the five chief cellular functions as movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, and excretion. It then describes the structures and functions of key cellular organelles including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It also discusses plasma membrane structure and functions such as transport, protection, and cell communication.
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Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. The word tissue comes from a form of an old French verb meaning “to weave”. There are four different types of tissues in animals: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. In plants, tissues are divided into three types: vascular, ground, and epidermal. Groups of tissues make up organs in the body such as the brain and heart.
Types of Animal Tissues
Connective
Connective tissue connects or separates groups of other tissues. It is found in between all the other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue is made up of cells and ground substance, which is a gel that surrounds cells. Most connective tissue, except for lymph and blood, also contains fibers, which are long, narrow proteins. Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to tissues; elastic, which allow organs like the lungs to move; or reticular, which provide physical support to cells. Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse from blood vessels into cells.
About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder involving connective tissue. Some connective tissue disorders include sarcomas, Marfan syndrome, lupus, and scurvy, which is a Vitamin C deficiency that leads to fragile connective tissue.
Muscle
Muscle tissue comprises all the muscles in the body, and the specialized nature of the tissue is what allows muscles to contract. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle anchors tendons to bones and allows the body to move. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and contracts to pump blood. Smooth muscle is found in the intestines, where it helps move food through the digestive tract, and it is also found in other organs like blood vessels, the uterus, and the bladder. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated; this means that they contain sarcomeres (a unit of muscle tissue) that are arranged in a uniform pattern. Smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a muscle tissue disorder. It is an inherited disorder that causes muscles to atrophy over time. The muscles shorten as they atrophy, which can cause scoliosis and immobile joints. Individuals with the disorder are usually male because the gene responsible for it is found on the X chromosome (of which males have only one).
Nervous
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which are all parts of the nervous system. It is made up of neurons, which are nerve cells, and neuroglia, which are cells that help nerve impulses travel. Nervous tissue is grouped into four types: gray matter and white matter in the brain, and nerves and ganglia in the peripheral nervous system. The main difference between gray and white matter is that axons of the neurons in gray matter are unmyelinated, while white matter is myelinated. Myelin is a white, fatty substance that insulates neurons and
Anatomy 1st lecture
This document provides an introduction to basic human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structures and discusses different types of anatomical studies such as microscopic, gross, and functional anatomy. The document explains that the human body is organized from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It then describes the main regions of the body - the head/neck, back/trunk, and upper and lower limbs. The anatomical position and different planes of the body are defined to provide a standard reference for describing anatomy.
Introduction to physiology lecture
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
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This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships, while physiology is the study of body functions. Anatomy can be examined on a microscopic or developmental level, while physiology analyzes systems and their functions. The document then outlines the structural hierarchy of the body from chemicals to organ systems. It describes several key organ systems and homeostasis, concluding with important anatomical terminology.
Cell Structure and Function
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and outlines the cell theory. The major components of plant cells are described, including organelles like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell membrane. It also discusses the cytoskeleton and movement of substances across the cell membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, and active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. The overall purpose is to introduce learners to key aspects of cell biology.
Brain
The brain is a three-pound organ responsible for all mental functions and control of vital activities. It contains over 100 billion neurons at birth. The document describes the development of the brain before and at birth, including the separation of the medulla, cerebellum, and cerebrum by the fourth month and the appearance of an indent on the cerebrum by the sixth month. It then provides details about several parts of the brain in response to a series of questions.
001 Anatomy Physiology Introduction
Topics Covered
1. Intro to Anat Physio
2. Anat Physio Terminologies
3. Cell Structure and Functions
4. Cell Organelles
5. Tissue Organization
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue
6. Tissue Embryology
7. Tissue Injury and Inflammation
CELL ANATOMY
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
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This document compares and contrasts animal and plant cells. It notes that both cell types have a cell membrane and plastids, while only plant cells have a cell wall. It then provides more detailed information about various cell organelles found in both animal and plant cells, including their structure, functions, and role in cellular processes like transport and energy production. Key organelles discussed include the nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles.
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Cell structure and function can be summarized in 3 points:
1. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
2. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles). Eukaryotic cells, which include plants and animals, have internal structures like a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. A typical animal cell is enclosed by a cell membrane and contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes that allow the cell to carry out life functions like respiration, protein
Anatomy terminology
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It describes the structural hierarchy of the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key concepts covered include homeostasis, feedback loops, disease, anatomical position and planes, and directional terms.
Transport Across Cell Membranes
The document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the structure and function of cell membranes, including their semipermeable nature. It then explains various transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis that allow materials to move across membranes. Specific examples are given of how these transport mechanisms function in cells, lungs, and other organisms and systems to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomy and physiology Introduction Chapter 1 Notes
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, outlining key concepts such as anatomical position, body cavities, homeostasis, and levels of organization. It defines anatomy and physiology and describes the basic functions of the human body including movement, growth, digestion, and excretion. The reading also explains homeostasis and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the endoskeleton. It has two divisions: the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. The skeleton contains over 200 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling through bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Joints allow movement and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints. Common skeletal conditions include osteoporosis which weakens bones, and curvatures of the spine like scol
Cell
The document discusses cell structure and function. It covers the cell theory, basic structures of the cell including the plasma membrane and organelles, and functions of the cell like communication and metabolism. It describes limits to cell size and provides details on the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. It also summarizes the structure and roles of various organelles and discusses cell division and the life cycle.
Nervous system
The nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and acts as the main control center. The brain controls all body functions and processes sensory information. The spinal cord relays messages between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body using cranial and spinal nerves. It links the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles throughout the body.
Biology, cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like material that makes up the region between the cell membrane and nucleus. It contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions. Cytosol is a solution of water, proteins, sugars, and dissolved gases that provides the environment for biochemical reactions. Organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and chloroplasts carry out specialized functions. Inclusions are non-living substances like glycogen granules, lipid droplets, and pigments that cells store or secrete. The cytoplasm is the site where most cell activities occur.
Introduction of tissue - Epithelial tissue
This document discusses the different types of tissues in the body, with a focus on epithelial tissue. It defines tissue as groups of cells organized to perform specific functions. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings and has closely packed cells held together by junctions. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and layer arrangement into simple and stratified types, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium. The document provides detailed descriptions of each epithelial tissue type including their location and functions such as secretion, protection and absorption.
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Tissue Definition
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. The word tissue comes from a form of an old French verb meaning “to weave”. There are four different types of tissues in animals: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. In plants, tissues are divided into three types: vascular, ground, and epidermal. Groups of tissues make up organs in the body such as the brain and heart.
Types of Animal Tissues
Connective
Connective tissue connects or separates groups of other tissues. It is found in between all the other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue is made up of cells and ground substance, which is a gel that surrounds cells. Most connective tissue, except for lymph and blood, also contains fibers, which are long, narrow proteins. Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to tissues; elastic, which allow organs like the lungs to move; or reticular, which provide physical support to cells. Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse from blood vessels into cells.
About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder involving connective tissue. Some connective tissue disorders include sarcomas, Marfan syndrome, lupus, and scurvy, which is a Vitamin C deficiency that leads to fragile connective tissue.
Muscle
Muscle tissue comprises all the muscles in the body, and the specialized nature of the tissue is what allows muscles to contract. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle anchors tendons to bones and allows the body to move. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and contracts to pump blood. Smooth muscle is found in the intestines, where it helps move food through the digestive tract, and it is also found in other organs like blood vessels, the uterus, and the bladder. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated; this means that they contain sarcomeres (a unit of muscle tissue) that are arranged in a uniform pattern. Smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a muscle tissue disorder. It is an inherited disorder that causes muscles to atrophy over time. The muscles shorten as they atrophy, which can cause scoliosis and immobile joints. Individuals with the disorder are usually male because the gene responsible for it is found on the X chromosome (of which males have only one).
Nervous
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which are all parts of the nervous system. It is made up of neurons, which are nerve cells, and neuroglia, which are cells that help nerve impulses travel. Nervous tissue is grouped into four types: gray matter and white matter in the brain, and nerves and ganglia in the peripheral nervous system. The main difference between gray and white matter is that axons of the neurons in gray matter are unmyelinated, while white matter is myelinated. Myelin is a white, fatty substance that insulates neurons and
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This document provides an introduction to basic human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structures and discusses different types of anatomical studies such as microscopic, gross, and functional anatomy. The document explains that the human body is organized from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It then describes the main regions of the body - the head/neck, back/trunk, and upper and lower limbs. The anatomical position and different planes of the body are defined to provide a standard reference for describing anatomy.
Introduction to physiology lecture
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
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This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships, while physiology is the study of body functions. Anatomy can be examined on a microscopic or developmental level, while physiology analyzes systems and their functions. The document then outlines the structural hierarchy of the body from chemicals to organ systems. It describes several key organ systems and homeostasis, concluding with important anatomical terminology.
Cell Structure and Function
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and outlines the cell theory. The major components of plant cells are described, including organelles like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell membrane. It also discusses the cytoskeleton and movement of substances across the cell membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, and active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. The overall purpose is to introduce learners to key aspects of cell biology.
Brain
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2. Anat Physio Terminologies
3. Cell Structure and Functions
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Nervous Tissue
6. Tissue Embryology
7. Tissue Injury and Inflammation
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All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 3 cells - part 3
- 1. Which organelle is responsible for: 1. Degrading worn-out organelles 2. Synthesis of lipids and steroid molecules 3. Packaging proteins for export, modifying proteins for membranes, packing enzymes into lysosomes 4. Modifying proteins 5. Containing enzymes that convert toxic substances to hydrogen peroxide, then water 6. Making proteins 7. Cellular respiration 8. Movement of cell parts, cell motility,
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- 4. Between plasma membrane & nucleus Three elements: CCyyttoossooll: fluid Eg. water, proteins, salts, sugars OOrrggaanneelllleess: specific functions IInncclluussiioonnss: chemical substances that vary depending on cell type Eg. glycogen (liver), lipid droplets (fat cells), melanin (skin & hair)
- 5. “little organs” Specialized compartments specific functions Membranous = membrane-bound Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus Nonmembranous = no membrane cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes
- 7. System of organelles that work to 1. Produce, store, export biological molecules 2. Degrade harmful substances Nuclear envelope, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes
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- 11. Multinucleated Muscle Cells Multinucleated Liver Cells Anucleated Red Blood Cells
- 12. Double membrane barrier surrounds nucleus Outer part continuous with Rough ER Nuclear pores: control entry/exit of molecules
- 13. Dark-staining bodies in nucleus 1-2 per cell Site where ribosomes are made
- 14. CChhrroommaattiinn = DNA + Proteins Nucleosome = DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins Histones allow for compact and orderly packing of long DNA molecules
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- 19. Gene: segment of DNA that codes for 1 polypeptide Exon: part of DNA that codes for polypeptides Intron: part of DNA that is noncoding (not “junk”!)
- 21. Transcription: RNA formed from DNA Occurs in nucleus Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Translation: protein synthesis polypeptide formed from mRNA Occurs in cytoplasm By ribosomes
- 23. Any substances outside cells 1. Body fluids (blood plasma, interstitial fluid) 2. Cellular secretions (saliva, mucus, gastric fluids) 3. Extracellular matrix (ECM): “glue” that holds cells together; jelly-like substance made of proteins (like collagen) and carbs