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1. WARM-UP
1. What is the pacemaker? Where is it located?
2. List the parts of the intrinsic conduction
system of the heart.
3. Draw and label the 3 waves of a typical EKG
tracing. What is happening at each wave?
4. What causes the heart sounds (lub-dub)?

2. WARM-UP
1. Compare arteries, capillaries, & veins.
1. Imagine you are a red blood cell. List the
pathway you would travel through the body in a
complete circuit starting at a pinky toe.
2. Explain how blood pressure is measured.

3. WARM-UP
1. What is hypertension? What are possible
causes?
2. What is atherosclerosis?
3. What can you do to prevent atherosclerosis?
4. What treatment options are available for
patients with coronary atherosclerosis?

4. BLOOD VESSELS &
CIRCULATION

5.  Vascular System: blood circulates inside
closed transport systems
 Types of Blood Vessels:
Arteries (takes blood away from heart)
Arterioles
Capillary beds
Venules
Veins (return blood back to heart)

6. ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS
Three coats (tunics):
1. Tunica intima: endothelium
lines the interior of vessels;
decreases friction as blood
flows
2. Tunica media: smooth muscle
& elastic tissue (dilates &
constricts vessels)
3. Tunica externa: fibrous
connective tissue on outside
supports and protects vessels

8. ArteriesArteries CapillariesCapillaries VeinsVeins
• Blood away
from heart
• Thicker walls
• Withstand high
pressure
• Walls 1-cell
thick
• Exchange gases
between blood
and tissue cells
• Blood back to
heart
• Thinner walls
• Low pressure
• Large lumen
• ValvesValves: prevent
blood backflow
• Skeletal
muscles
enhance venous
return

9. VERICOSE VEINS
 People stand for long periods of time  inactivity
or pressure on veins
 Blood pools in feet and legs
 Valves weaken  veins become twisted & dilated
 Treatment: compression stockings, exercise, laser
treatment, surgery

10. VITAL SIGNS
 Pulse: expansion &
recoil of an artery with
each beat of left
ventricle
 Pressure points (eg.
carotid artery, radial
artery)
 Normal resting: 70-76
beats/min

11. VITAL SIGNS
 Blood pressure: pressure of blood on inner
walls of blood vessels
 Systolic presure: peak of ventricular contraction
 Diastolic pressure: ventricles relaxed
Written: Systolic/Diastolic
Normal: (120 mm Hg)/(70 mm Hg) or 120/70

12. MEASURING BLOOD
PRESSURE

14. USING A
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
 Wrap cuff around upper arm
 Place stethoscope on brachial artery
 Inflate cuff to 180 mm Hg
 Slowly release air  listen for whooshing sounds
in brachial artery (Korotkoff sounds)
Systolic: when sound begin to appear
Diastolic: when sounds disappear

15. YouTube: How to Measure Blood Pressure

16. HOMEOSTATIC
IMBALANCES
 Hypertension: high blood pressure (>140/90)
 Circulatory shock: acute hypotension
 Blood loss
 Atherosclerosis – artery walls thicken due to
fatty deposits (plaques)

17. STENT VS. BYPASS
SURGERY

19. CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE
 Progressive weakening of heart
 Low heart efficiency  circulation inadequate to
meet tissue needs
 Caused by:
Coronary atherosclerosis
Persistent high blood pressure
Multiple heart attacks – scar tissue