The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It describes that cells contain organelles, including a nucleus that holds the genome, and membrane-bound structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. The processes of transcription and translation are summarized, where DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis, are also outlined.
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism.
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism.
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
Information about Cell and it's structure and protein synthesisMukul panchal
It gives information about Cell how it is discovered and it's structure and also it includes information about protein synthesis, it's structure and their simple notes.
AS Biology, Unit 1 (Module 1) notes (OCR)Paige Cavey
This presentation features key notes and diagrams from the unit 1, module 1 of AS biology. These notes have been mad heavily using OCR text books, however other sources have been used.
La celula: la teoría celular, estructura y función. La división celularJosué Moreno Marquina
Teoría celular, cell theory
Estructura celular: membrana, citoplasma y núcleo. Membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Orgánulos celulares, organelles.
Mitosis y meiosis
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
4. The cell is the smallest unit of life.
Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and
amoebae exist as single cells.
By contrast, the adult human is made up of about 30
trillion cells which are mostly organized into
collectives called tissues.
5. Cells are nothing but some compartments…
Eukaryotic cells are the membrane bound
compartments!!!
9. Why don’t we find any giant
amoeba or bacteria???
10. Study of the structure and
function of
eukaryotic cells
11.
12. Organelle means
“little organ”
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in
between the
organelles is cytosol
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
28. 1. Anchoring proteins (stabilizers):
– attach to inside or outside structures
2. Recognition proteins (identifiers):
– label cells normal or abnormal
3. Enzymes:
catalyze reactions
4. Receptor proteins:
– bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
4. Carrier proteins:
– transport specific solutes through membrane
4. Channels:
– regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
29. 1. Proteoglycans and glycoproteins
2. Glycolipids
extend outside cell membrane
form sticky “sugar coat” (glycocalyx)
30. 1. Lubrication and protection
2. Aids attachment of cells
3. Specificity in binding (receptors) e.g. antigens and
enzymes
4. Cell-cell recognition and interaction
31. 1. cytosol (fluid):
dissolved materials:
nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
2. organelles:
structures with specific functions
All materials inside the cell and outside the
nucleus
32. Difference between cytosol and extracellular fluids:-
1. Conc. of K+
is high in cytosol
2. Conc. of Na+
is high in extracellular fluids
3. Suspended protein is high
4. Reserve small quantity of carbohydrates and amino acids
(extracellular fluid is carrier only)
Both cytosol and extracellular fluids (interstitial fluid) contain
insoluble materials. In case of cytosol, these masses are known as
inclusions.
Ex. Cytosol:- Glycogen granules, lipid droplets, pigment granules
Extracellular fluids:- Melanine in skin, Mineral deposit in bone
36. Structural proteins for shape and strength
It functions as the cells skeleton.
I. Microfilaments
II. Intermediate Filaments
III. Microtubules
IV. thick filaments (muscle cells)
Cytoskeleton includes
It provides an internal
protein framework that
give cytoplasm
strength and flexibility
38. Micro (Thin) filaments composed of
the protein called actin:
1. Anchor the cytoskeleton to
integral protein of plasma
membrane (provide additional
mechanical strength)
2. interact with other proteins for
consistency of the cytoplasm
3. Pairs with thick filaments of
myosin for movement of a
portion or to change the shape of
entire cell.
smallest of the cytoskeletal elements (6 nm in diameter)
39. Mid-sized between
microfilaments and thick
filaments ( 7- 11 nm)
most durable
cytoskeletal elements
1. strengthen cell and
maintain its shape
2. stabilize the position of
the organelles
Protein composition varies from cell to cell
40. Large, hollow tubes of tubulin
protein:
1. strengthen cell and anchor
organelles
2. change cell shape
3. move vesicles within cell
(affected by molecular motor-
kinesin and dynein)
4. form spindle apparatus
5. Form structural componant (e.g
centrioles and cillia)
Largest components
# change over time
Form by tubuline
molecule
42. Centrioles form spindle
apparatus during cell
division
Centrosome: cytoplasm
surrounding centriole
Nine triptels
Not present in RBC, skeletal muscle
cells, cardiac muscle cells, nerve cells
43. Cilia move fluids across
the cell surface
• Found in Lungs, reproductive tracts.
• It can “beat” rhythmically.
Relatively long, slender extension of plasma membrane.
44. 5. Ribosomes
• Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
• Two types:
– free ribosomes in cytoplasm:
• proteins for cell
– fixed ribosomes attached to ER:
• proteins for secretion
60% RNA + 40% protein, 25 nm in diameter
• # vary cell to cell (contrast: liver cell/adiposites)
• Two sub-unit (large and small)
• rRNA
46. Proteasomes
Ubiquitin ( a molecular tag)
• Contain enzymes (proteases)
• Remove and break down damaged or abnormal
proteins
( Disassemble damaged proteins for recycling)
• Require targeted proteins to be tagged with
ubiquitin
48. endo = within
plasm = cytoplasm
reticulum = network
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Cisternae are storage chambers
within membranes
• Forms cisternae
• Rough ER (RER) contains ribosomes
– Form transport vesicles
• Smooth ER (SER)
– Involved in lipid synthesis
Intracellular membranes
involved in synthesis, storage,
transportation and detoxification
50. Functions of ER
1. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
2. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials
3. Transport of materials within the ER
4. Detoxification of drugs or toxins
51. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• No ribosomes attached
• Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates:
– phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)
– steroid hormones (reproductive system)
– glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells)
– glycogen (storage in muscles)
- store Ca+2
- detoxification of drugs
52. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Surface covered with ribosomes:
1. active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
2. folds polypeptides into protein structures
3. encloses products in transport vesicles
Workshop and shipping depot
57. Primary lysosome:
formed by Golgi and inactive enzymes
Secondary lysosome:
lysosome fused with damaged organelle
digestive enzymes activated
toxic chemicals isolated
58. Clean up inside cells:
1. break down large molecules
2. attack bacteria
3. recycle damaged organelles
4. ejects wastes by exocytosis
59. 1. lysosome membranes break down
2. digestive enzymes released
3. cell decomposes
4. cellular materials recycle
auto = self, lysis = break
Self-destruction of damaged cells (Apoptosis):
60. break down fatty acids, organic compounds produce
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Peroxisomes harbor enzymes that rid the cell of
these toxic peroxides.
replicate by division
Are enzyme-containing vesicles:
Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins
68. Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration):
mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and
produce ATP
glucose + oxygen + ADP → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
•Glycolysis:
– glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol)
•Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle):
– pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)
The Reactions
69. It is the cell’s control center
• Largest & most conspicuous structure in a cell
• Only visible organelle under light microscope
Store all information to direct synthesis
of diff. 1,00,00 proteins.
It determine -
• structure of the cell
• what function it will perform
Most cells have single
nucleus
Exception-
Muscle cells - polynucleated
RBC- non-nucleadted
70.
71. Nucleolus: Dark staining area
(made of - RNA,enzymes & histone)
Synthesize rRNA. Prominent in liver
cell (why?)
Nuclear envelope: double
membrane around the nucleus
Nuclear pores:
communication
passages
Perinuclear space: between
2 layers of nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm: fluid
containing ions,
enzymes, nucleotides,
and some RNA
• Nuclear matrix:
‒ support filaments
DNA: all information to
build and run organisms
80. The chemical language of DNA instructions:
sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
triplet code:
3 bases = 1 amino acid
81.
82.
83.
84.
85. Transcription:
copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
Translation:
ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)
assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
87. A gene is transcribed to mRNA in 3 steps:
gene activation
DNA to mRNA
RNA processing
88. Uncoils DNA, removes histones
Start (promoter) and stop codes on DNA mark
location of gene:
coding strand is code for protein
template strand used by RNA polymerase molecule
89. Enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes DNA:
binds to promoter (start) sequence
reads DNA code for gene
binds nucleotides to form messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA duplicates DNA coding strand, uracil replaces
thymine
90. At stop signal, mRNA detaches from DNA molecule:
code is edited (RNA processing)
unnecessary codes (introns) removed
good codes (exons) spliced together
triplet of 3 nucleotides (codon) represents one amino
acid
97. Enzymes join amino acids
with peptide bonds
Polypeptide chain has
specific sequence of amino
acids
98. At stop codon,
components separate
Stop Codons
In RNA:
UGA: "U Go Away"
UAA: "U Are Away"
UAG: "U Are Gone“
In DNA:
TAG: "They Are Gone"
TAA: "They Are Away"
TGA: "They're Going Away"
99. Direct control through synthesis of:
structural proteins
secretions (environmental response)
Indirect control over metabolism through enzymes
100. Cell division is the reproduction of cells
Apoptosis is the genetically controlled death of cells
Mitosis is the nuclear division of somatic cells
Meiosis produces sex cells
cell division
The Cell Life Cycle
101. Most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in
this phase
Interphase includes
G1
S
G2
Interphase
The Cell Life Cycle
106. The chromosomes are in an extended form and seen as
chromatin in the electron microscope.
The nucleus is visible
Interphase
107. The chromosomes are seen to consist of two chromatids joined
by a centromere.
The centrioles move apart toward opposite poles of the cell.
Spindle fibers are produced and extend from each centrosome.
The nuclear membrane starts to disappear.
The nucleolus is no longer visible.
Prophase
108. The chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell.
The spindle fibers from each centriole are attached to the
centromeres of the chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane are disappeared.
Metaphase
109. The centromere split, and the sister chromatids separate
as each is pulled to an opposite pole.
Anaphase
110. Telophase
The chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct.
New nuclear membranes form.
The nucleolus reappears.
Cell division is nearly complete.