The document covers the anatomy and physiology of living beings, focusing on the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. It delves into cellular organization, major organ systems, and various types of tissues, highlighting their roles and interactions in maintaining life processes. Additionally, it discusses the history of cell discovery, cell specialization, and fundamental concepts in biological systems, including homeostasis and tissue responses to injury.

1. ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
[MS T 102] 4 credits : 60 hours

2. Etymology
 Late Latin
 Ana [up] + temnein [to cut]
 Study of the structure of living beings (14 century)
 Describe the different parts of the organism in the
different levels i.e. cell, tissue, organ, etc…
 Physio [nature] + logia [to study]
 Study and description of natural objects (16 century)
 Explain how the different elements in the body interact
to be functional, and give life to the organism

3. Terms Commonly Used
Prefix / Suffix
 Epi - Outer
Superior
 Endo - Inner Dorsal
 Meso - Middle Posterior
Ventral
Lateral
 Ecto - Outer Anterior
 Exo - External
 Peri - Proximal
Inferior
Surrounding
 Hypo - Under
 Hyper - Over
Distal
 Inter - Between
 Intra - Within

4. Systems Organization
 Involves and coordinates
different systems
Organism
 Systems incorporate many
organs for achieve a function
Organ system
Organs  Organs are many types of
tissues coordinating
Tissue
 Tissues are different types of
cells functioning together
Cell
 Cell is the basic unit of life

5. Anatomical Divisions

6. Why is this useful?
 Medical Imaging
 Computed Tomography
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Positron Emission Tomography

7. Quick Quiz!
Pelvic Girdle Thorax

8. Quick Quiz
Foot Foot

9. Anatomical Division
 Segments of the human body
 Head and neck
 Skull; Face; Neck
 Trunk
 Chest; Abdomen; Pelvis
 Extremities
 Arms; Legs

10. The Head and Neck
 Skull
 Face
 Neck

11. The Trunk
 Chest
 Bony Rib Cage
 Air bags – Lungs
Organs – Heart,
 Vital
Stomach, Pancreas, etc.

12. The Trunk
 Abdomen
 Regions of the Abdomen

13. The Extremities
 Arms  Legs

14. Body Cavities
 Cranial Cavity
 Thoracic Cavity
 Abdominal Cavity
 Pelvic Cavity

15. The Cell
Structure, Function, Organelles

16. The Cell
ORGANIZATION EXAMPLE
Organelle Nucleus
Cell Muscle Cell
Tissue Muscle
Organ Heart
Organ System Circulatory System
Organism Human

17. The Cell
 Smallest unit of life
 Smallest Living Entity
 “Building Blocks of Life”
 Structural and Functional unit of any
organism
All living things made of Activities of an organism is
one or more cells a result of total cellular
A living cell can only activities
exist from previous All cells are essentially
living cell similar
Multiplication by cell Yet they are capable of
division different functions

18. History
 Anton Von
Leeuwenhoek
 Inventor of the
microscope (c1700)
 Fabric merchant
 Quality of thread and
weaving
 Used glass beads
 Described protozoan
species

19. History
 Robert Hoocke
 c1700s
 Coined the term
“Cell”
 Microstructure of
various material
described

20. History
 Compound Microscope
 1838
 Schlieden – Botany
 Schwann - Zoology
 All organisms made of
cells
 Observed celldivision
 Described many more
unicellular species
 Cornerstone instrument
for anatomy and
physiology

21. What is Life?
 7 functions called “Life processes” that are
necessary
 Organism called “alive” if all 7 functions are
done
Converting food
Responding to
Getting rid of
Getting adult
Moving body
Getting food
Producing
to energy
Offspring
stimuli
waste
parts
size
Lif
e
Jollyism: MRS. NERG

22.  Two Broad Types
 Animal Cell
 Plant Cell

25. Cell specialization
 As cells have lots of different functions
 They are often specialized to do a particular
job.
 This means that they have special features
that make them well adapted at carrying out
these functions.

26. Cell specialization
 Examples:
 Sperm cells
 Tail – motility
 Head – enzymes to digest
jelly layer
 Chromosome – father
 Ovum cells
 Bulky with jelly – food
storage
 Chromosome – mother
 Ciliated cell
 Air passages – filter
 Mucous cells trap foreign
matter

27. Cell Organelles
 Mitochondria
 Nucleus
 Ribosomes
 Cell membrane
 ER + Golgi Apparatus
 Vacuoles
 Structural elements
 Others

28. The mitochondria
 Mitochondria – the power house
 Respiration – Breathing?
 [production of ATP from organic molecules]
 Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
 Glucose  Energy (using O2)
Energy
C6H12O6 + 6XO2  6XCO2 + 6XH2O + Energy

29. The Nucleus
 „Control center‟
 Covered by nuclear membrane
 Contains DNA – master
molecule
 Double helical ladder made
from nucleic acids
 DNA: contains code for all
cellular functions
 Nucleotide: „A T G C‟ language
 Coding for proteins
 Cell division – code is
conserved

30. The Ribosome
 Protein production
 Made from amino acids
 Structural and functional
 Determines cellular characteristics
 Uses RNA as a template

31. Types of Proteins
Category Description Example
Enzymes speed up reactions digestive enzymes
Structural building materials collagen and nail keratin
Transporting carry substances haemoglobin in blood
Contraction cause muscles to actin and myosin
compress
Storage hold on to substances Albumin, ferritin
Hormones chemical messengers insulin, growth hormone
between cells
Protective Immune Functions antibodies, clotting –
coagulantes
Toxins poisonous substances bee venom and snake
venom

32. The cell membrane
 Membranes organize the chemical activities of
cells.
 The outer plasma membrane
 forms a boundary between a living cell and its
surroundings
 Exhibits selective permeability (Controls traffic of
molecules in and out)
 Inner membranes provide structural order for
metabolism
 Form the cell's organelles
 Compartmentalize chemical reactions

33. The cell membrane
 The fluid mosaic model
 Membrane is mosaic – proteins embedded is a
framework of phospholipids
 Membrane is fluid – proteins and lipids can move
laterally

34. Membrane Structure
 Phospholipid – major component of all
membrane
 Membranes made of bilayer
 Hydrophilic head & Hydrophobic Tails
 Embedded Proteins have most functions
(intrinsic) – through the bilayer
 Integral
 Peripheral (extrensic) – on one side

35. The cell membrane
Cilia
Carbohydrate of glycoprotein
Glycolipid
Cholesterol
Glycoprotein
Phospholipid
Microfilaments
Glycoproteins and
glycolipids are
proteins/lipids with
short chain
carbohydrates
attached on the
extracellular side of
the membrane.

36. Membrane proteins
– types and functions
 Cell – Cell Recognition
 Integrins – helps
structure
 Intercellular junction – Enzyme Active Transport
adhesiveness to form
Messenger molecule
tissues
 Enzymes Receptor
 Receptor (signal
transduction)
 Transport Signal Transduction
 Passive
Activated Molecule

37. Permeability
 Diffusion
 Passive
 Solute moves from ↑ to ↓
 Lipid soluble, non-polar
 Osmosis
 Facilitated through SP
membrane
 Solvent moves from ↑ to ↓
 Water soluble, polar
 Active Transport
 Selective
 Specificity of transport
molecules to vehicle
 Na+, K+ channels

38. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
 First noticed in the
cytoplasm
 of chick embryo cells
 ER is a network of folded
membranes that form
channels.
 ER makes protein and lipid
components
 smooth ER and rough ER.
 ER moves proteins /
carbohydrates to the Golgi
Apparatus, lysosomes, and
other places based on need

39. RER and SER
Rough ER Smooth ER
 Dotted with ribosomes  No ribosomes on it
 Involved in protein  More tubular than RER
production, protein  Separate
folding, quality control interconnecting
and dispatch. network.
 Network-like tunnels with  Manufactures and
tubules, vesicles and metabolizes lipids and
cisternae associated products
 Held together by
cytoskeleton

40. Golgi Apparatus
 Shipping Department -
delivery system
 Structure
 Stacks of sacs (pancakes)
 Vesicles pinching off edges
 Function
 Proteins processing and sorting
 Targeting them to membrane
 Lysosomes, Endosomes, vesicl
e formation
 Intra cellular lipid transport
 Endomembrane system.

41. • ER produce proteins
• Pass into cisternae
• Proteins packaged
• Blebbing with protein
inside
• Drift into cytoplasm

42. Other Organelles
 Vacuoles – water containing vesicles
 Peroxisome – enzyme containing vesicles
 Lysosome – vesicles with proteins that
breakdown large molecules
 Cytoskeleton – holding up internal structure
 Actin – intracellular movement
 Microtubule – cilia, flagella
 Intermediary filament – support strength
 Centriole – cell division

43. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control

44. Epithelial Tissue
 According to thickness
 “simple” - one cell layer
 “stratified” – more than one layer of
cells (which are named according to
the shape of the cells in the apical
layer)
 According to shape
 “squamous” – wider than tall
 diffusion
 “cuboidal” – as tall as wide
 Secretion, absorption
 “columnar” - taller than wide
 Special structures [cilia, mucous]

48. “ciliated” = eyelashes

49. Stratified: regenerate from
below

53. Exclusive epithelia
 Endothelium  Mesothelium
 A simple squamous  A simple squamous
epithelium that lines epithelium that lines
the peritoneal, pleural
the interior of the and pericardial cavities
circulatory vessels and and covers the viscera
heart

54. Glands – formed by epithelial cells
 Production
& secretion
Exocrine Endocrine
of needed
substances External Internal
Hormones
Ductless
secretion Secretion secretion
 Are
aqueous
products Other Exocrine Glands
 Protein  Sweat glands
product  Oil glands
made RER  Salivary glands
 Liver (bile)
 Packed
 Pancreas
Golgi
 Mammary glands
apparatus Goblet Cells Alveoli
 Released Mucous

55. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control

56. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses

57. Connective Tissue
 Originate from embryonic tissue called
mesenchyme
 Most diverse and abundant type of tissue
 Many subclasses (see previous slide)
 Function: to protect, support and bind together
other tissues
 Bones, ligaments, tendons
 Areolar cushions; adipose insulates and is food source
 Blood cells replenished; body tissues repaired
 Cells separated from one another by large
amount of nonliving extracellular matrix

58. Extracellular Matrix explained
 Nonliving material between cells
 Produced by the cells and then extruded
 Responsible for the strength
 Two components
1. Ground substance
 Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
 Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular

59. Basic functions of connective tissue
reviewed
 Support and binding of other tissues
 Holding body fluids
 Defending the body against infection
 macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs
 Storing nutrients as fat

60. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses
*

65. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses
*

68. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses
*

72. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses
*

74. Classes of Connective Tissue:
variety of subclasses
*

76. Blood
 Functions
 Homeostasis
 Respiration
 Excretion
 Transport internal
secretions
 Acid base balance
 Water electrolyte
balance (osmosis)
 Immunity
 Temperature
regulation

77. Blood Types
 Anti-A Anti-
B antibodies are Ig
M antibodies
 Produced in the first
years of life
 Sensitization to
environmental
substances such as
food, bacteria, and
viruses.

78. Epithelial sheets + connective tissue
 Cutaneous membranes
 Skin: epidermis and dermis
 Mucous membranes, or
mucosa
 Lines every hollow internal
organ that opens to the
outside of the body
 Serous membranes, or
serosa
 Slippery membranes
 lining of pleural, pericardial
and peritoneal cavities
 Surface fluid called a
transudate
 Synovial membranes
 Line joints

79. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control

83. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control

85. Tissue response to injury
 Immune: takes longer and is
highly specific
 Inflammation
 Nonspecific, local, rapid
 Inflammatory chemicals
 Signs: heat, swelling, redness,
pain
 Repair – two ways
 Regeneration
 Fibrosis and scarring
 Severe injuries
 Cardiac and nervous tissue

86. Tissue Origins - Embryology

87. Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth of
cells
 Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular
epithelium, benign or malignant
 Carcinoma – cancer arising in an epithelium
(90% of all human cancers)
 Sarcoma – cancer arising in mesenchyme-
derived tissue (connective tissues and muscle)

88. STEM CELLS….
 Totipotency
 Stem cell
therapy
 Amniotic stem
cells

89. Homeostasis
Homeo – Constant; Stasis – Stable

90. Regulation – a state of dynamic constant
 Temperature
 Iron
 Energy
 Blood composition
 Sugar
 Fats
 Osmoregulation
 Pressure
 Calcium
 Acid-base
 Volume
 Hemostasis
 Sleep
 Extracellular fluid