Communication Communication Process Communication Types Communication Barriers

1. All About Communication
Prepared By:
Mr. Mohammed Jasir PV
Asst. Professor
MIIMS, Puthanaangadi
Contact No: 9605 69 32 66

2. Session Topics
• Communication
• Communication Process
• Communication Types
• Communication Barriers

3. Communication
• Word from Latin "communis", meaning to share
• Communication is the activity of conveying information through the
exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals,
signals, writing, or behavior

4. It is a process of exchanging –
 Information
 Ideas
 Thoughts
 Feelings
 Emotions
Through –
 Speech
 Signals
 Writing
 Behavior

5. Process of Communication

7. Types of Communication
Level of
Communication
Based on
Flow
Means, Kinds, Manners,
Forms etc.
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Mass
Extrapersonal
Horizontal
Vertical
Diagonal
Paralinguistic
Extralinguistic
NonVerbal
Verbal

8. Based on Level of Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Small Group Communication
• One-to-group Communication
• Extra Personal.
• Mass Communication

9. Intrapersonal Communication
is communication that occurs in your own
mind. It is the basis of your feelings, biases,
prejudices, and beliefs.
Interpersonal communication is the
communication between two people but can
involve more in informal conversations.

10. One-to-group communication involves
a speaker who seeks to inform,
persuade or motivate an audience
Small Group communication
is communication within formal or
informal groups or teams

11. Extra Personal. is that way of
communication in which a human
interacts with other species.
Mass communication is the
electronic or print transmission of
messages to the general public.

12. Based on Flow
Horizontal
Communication
Vertical
Communication
Diagonal
Communication

13. Horizontal communication is the transmission
of information between people, divisions,
departments or units within the same level of
organizational hierarchy.
“Vertical communication is a flow of
information up and down the
organizations hierarchy.”

14. Diagonal Communication
The sharing of information among different
structural levels within a business.

15. Based on Means, Kinds, Manners, Forms etc.
Paralinguistic
Extra linguistic
Verbal
Non Verbal

16. 1. PARALINGUISTIC
• Paralinguistic features are non-verbal vocal cues that help you to
give urgency to your voice
• Your voice is your trademark; it is that part of yourself that adds
human touch to your words
Characteristics
• Quality
• Volume
• Pace/Rate
• Pitch
• Tone
• Pronunciation
• Voice modulation
• Pauses
• Punctuation marks

18. • Volume: is the loudness or the softness of the voice.
• Rate/Pace: is the number of words uttered per minute. The normal rate is from
80 to 150 words per minute.
• Pitch: refers to the number of vibrations per second of your voice.
• Articulation: Speakers should be careful not to slop, chop, truncate, or omit
sounds between words or sentences. articulation means speaking out all the
sounds distinctly.
• Tone Feelings added while speaking
Paralinguistic

19. • Pronunciation: requires us to speak out sounds in way that is generally
accepted.
• Voice modulation: while intonation refers to the tonal variations, modulation
pertains to the way we regulate, vary, or adjust the tone, pitch, and volume of
the sound or speaking voice.
• Pause is a short silence flanked by words. A pause in speaking lets the listener
reflect on the message and digest it accordingly.
Vocalized pauses- irritating like uh…, ah.. Etc
• Punctuation mark use of conventional symbols and spacing in communication
Eg: Go slow men at work
Paralinguistic

20. Extra Linguistic – signs and Signals

21. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of sounds and words to express yourself
“KISS” (keep it short and simple)
Oral Communication - Means communication through mouth
It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or
telephonic conversation
Written Communication – Means any type of interaction that makes use of
the written word.

22. Verbal Communication
Speech
OralPresentations
Seminar
Meetings
Oral Written
GD/Interview
Formal Informal
Letter
Minutes
Memo
Report
Formal Informal
Grapevine

23. Oral Communication
• Speech: a spoken expression of ideas, opinions, etc made by someone who is
speaking in front of a group of people
• Oral Presentation: means delivering an address to a public audience. It also
refers to public speaking and/or speech-making
• Seminar: a meeting in which you receive information on and training in a
particular subject.
• An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are
given
• Meeting: Formal or informal deliberative assembly of individuals called to
debate certain issues and problems, and to take decisions

24. Written Communication
• Letter: a written, typed, or printed communication, sent in an envelope by post or
messenger.
• Meeting minutes are the written or recorded documentation that is used to
inform attendees and non-attendees about what was discussed and what
happened during a meeting
• Memorandums short form memo. a written message in business
• Report: An official document given on a particular matter, after thorough
investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body.

25. To hear something through the grapevine is to learn of something informally and
unofficially by means of gossip or rumor
Grape Vine Communication

26. Look at the conversation between two employees of an MNC
Mark, have you
heard the latest
news?
No John, What?
Samuel is going to step down very soon
from the position of VP (Operations). Do
you know who is going to take his place?
No! Who?
Richard Stark
No way! Why him of
all the people?
It seems he has pulled the
right strings to get the
position.
Yes, this I got to tell
my team-mates.

27. What is Grapevine Communication?
• Grapevine Communication is an informal channel of business
communication
• Grapevine is called so because it spreads at all levels irrespective of the
authority level
• Though formal channels exist, the informal channels develops when
people interact with others in an organization
• It is mostly found in low levels of an organization
• Grapevine cannot be used as formal communication channel. It provides
a channel for issues

28. Advantages of Grapevine Communication
Speedy spread of information
Receipt of fast feedback
Sense of unity
Provides emotional support
Free expression of ideas
"Science may never come up with a better office communication
system than the coffee break." - Earl Wilson

29. 7:38:55
Albert Mehrabian

30. According to Albert Mehrabian, communication model consists of three
elements:
• Words spoken – that which is literally being said
• Non verbal – how something is said (use of voice)
• Body language – which posture, facial expressions and gestures
someone uses
3 V’s: verbal, vocal and visual

31. Non Verbal
kinesics
Proximics
Chronomics
Haptics
Artifacts
Vocalics
Environment

32. Nonverbal communication
• “Actions Speak Louder Than Words”
• Good communication is the foundation of any successful relationship, be it
personal or professional.
• It's important to recognize that it's our nonverbal communication our facial
expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and tone of voice—that speaks
the louder

33. Kinesics
• The word kinesics comes from the root word kinesis, which means
“movement,” and refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face
movements.
• Also Called Body Language.

34. Elements in Kinesics
• Gestures
• Eye contact
• Facial Expression
• Posture
• Head Movements

35. Gestures - Classification
Emblems: Gestures which
are substitute for words
Illustrators: Nonverbal gestures that
complement what a speaker is saying

36. Affect Displays: Facial expressions
and gestures that reveals emotions.
Adaptors: Gestures that
reflects one persons emotional
state.
Regulators: Facial expressions or gestures
that are used to control or regulate the flow
of a conversation
Used by Students
– Hair twirling
– Scratching
– Ear pulling
– Forehead rubbing

37. Facial Expression Is The Strongest Non Verbal Communicator
In that the eye communicates more than any other feature

38. Eye Contact
• The majority of people in the United States and other Western
cultures expect people to look them in the eye when
communicating.
• Japanese direct their gaze to a position around the Adam’s apple.
• Chinese, Indonesians, and Mexicans lower their eyes as a sign of
deference.
• Arabs look intently into others’ eyes showing keen interest.

39. In face to face communication eyes plays a crucial role:
It serves various purposes
• Invites attention
• Facilitate Interaction
• Provide Instant Feed back
• Reflect the amount of interest
• Reveals sate of mind

40. Facial Expression

41. Facial Expression
Expressions on the face are second to those of eyes in communication.
It conveys certain state of mind and attitudes such as pleasure, sadness,
interest, boredom, anger, aggression etc.
The face is capable of conveying 250,000 expressions
(Ray Birdwhistle, 1970)

43. Smiling increases sociability, likeability, and attraction(LaFrance &
Hecht, 1995)
Food servers who smile more often earn increased tips (Heslin &
Patterson, 1982)
Studies conducted on students caught cheating found that
students who smiled were treated with more leniency (LaFrance
& Hecht, 1995)

44. Posture
The way in which an individual stand, sit and lie down

45. Posture
• Expressions related to posture
– “grow a spine”
– “stand up for yourself”
– “stand up straight”
– “hold your head high”
– “stand still”

48. Head Movements
Facilitates both talking and listening
• It can be used for expressing attitudes and supporting oral
communication

50. 2. Proxemics
• Coined by American Anthropologist E T Hall
• It is the study of man’s appreciation and use of personal space in
communication

51. Intimate Zone (between 15 and 45 cm) - A person guards as if it were his
own property. Only those who are emotionally close to that person are
permitted to enter it. This includes lovers, parents, spouse, children, close
friends and relatives. A sub Zone close intimate zone<15 cm)
Personal Zone (between 46 cm and 1.22 m) - This is the distance that we
stand from others at cocktail parties, office parties, social functions and
friendly gatherings.
Social Zone (between 1.22m and 3.6 m) - We stand at this distance from
strangers, the plumber or carpenter doing repairs around our home, the
postman, the local shopkeeper, the new employee at work and people whom
we do not know very well.
Public Zone (over 3.6 m) - Whenever we address a large group of people,
this is the comfortable distance at which we choose to stand.

53. 3. Haptics - Meaning Touch Behaviour
• Touching and being touched are
essential to a healthy life
• Touch can communicate power,
empathy, understanding

55. Chronomics
• How is time used to communicate?
• Pace in speech
• Quickness in movement
• Punctuality
 What does it mean to you when someone is always late?
 A study conducted by Burgoon (1989) found that people
who arrive 15 minutes late are considered dynamic, but
much less competent, composed and sociable than those
that arrive on time.

56. Artifacts
Are physical objects, such as clothing, homes, and cars, that indicate to others
a person's personal and social beliefs and habits.
• Material objects as an extension of oneself
• Clothing has the power to influence
• The situation governs appropriate dress

57. Environment
What we surround ourselves with
• The way we decorate our house tells others a lot about us
• The way we keep our work places/ class room

58. Environment is often used to influence nonverbally
• Several researchers have found that supermarkets
strategically place products
Staples such as dairy, meat and produce are in the back or on
opposite sides of the store, in order to force shoppers to
meander through aisles where they’ll be tempted to buy all
kinds of other products

59. Barriers to Communication

60. Barriers to Communication
• Physical barriers
• Emotional barriers
• Gender barriers
• Perceptual barriers
• Language barriers
• Cultural barriers

61. 1. Physical Barriers
2. Perceptual Barriers

62. 3. Emotional Barriers
4. Gender Barriers

63. 4. Cultural Barriers5. Language Barriers

66. THANK YOU