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1. Purposive
Communication
Presented by:
RYAN V. MIRANDA
INSTRUCTOR

3. WHAT IS PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION?

4. Purposive communication is a form of
communication used to write, speak, and
present to different audiences for various
purposes. This aims for students to help
their communication effectively and
efficiently to a variety of audiences either
local or international to deliver the
intended message.

5. Why do you need to study purposive communication?
Purposive Communication can be used to address a variety
of issues. This topic may assist us in learning how to
communicate effectively through speaking, writing, and
presenting. It could assist us in identifying communication
difficulties. It will especially assist us in communicating with
a purpose.

6. Describing the nature,
elements and functions of
verbal and non verbal
communication in multicultural
context

7. Communication – is one of the
more essential human
activities that enable us to
make connection, create
meanings and nature
understanding.

8. Language is a system of communication that
relies on verbal or non-verbal codes to
transfer information. Communication is a way
of interchanging messages or information
between two or more people, focusing on the
message. Language is a tool of
communication. Communication is a process
of transferring messages

9. Symbols- are shared in specific
culture that may be verbal such us
spoken or written words or non
verbal such as gesture, facial
expressions and appearances.

10. A gesture is a form of non-
verbal communication in which
visible bodily actions
communicate particular
messages, either in place of
speech or together and in
parallel with spoken words

11. Body language is the use of physical
behavior, expressions, and mannerisms
to communicate nonverbally, often
done instinctively rather than
consciously. Whether you're aware of it
or not, when you interact with others,
you're continuously giving and receiving
wordless signals

12. Body language is a mix of gestures, postures,
and mannerisms to communicate nonverbally.
Gestures and postures say a lot more than you
think. For instance, a straight posture can
indicate confidence and interest in the topic
a speaker is discussing

13. Facial expressions can display
personal emotions and indicate an
individual's intentions within a social
situation. They are extremely
important to the social interaction of
individuals. Background scenes in
which faces are perceived provide
important contextual information for
facial expression processing.

14. Appearance. Our choice of clothing,
hairstyle, and other appearance factors
are also considered a means of
nonverbal communication.10 Research
on color psychology has demonstrated
that different colors can evoke
different moods. Appearance can also
alter physiological reactions,
judgments, and interpretations.

15. The tone of voice in
communication is defined as 'the
way a person speaks to someone'.
It is how you use your voice to get
your point across. If you don't do it
right, there is a risk of your point
getting lost or misinterpreted. An
optimistic and positive tone of
voice is always welcome

16. Slang is vocabulary that is used
between people who belong to the
same social group and who know each
other well. Slang is very informal
language. It can offend people if it is
used about other people or outside a
group of people who know each other
well. We usually use slang in speaking
rather than writing

17. Jargon is the specialized, often
technical, language that is used by
people in a particular field,
profession, or social group

18. Denotative meaning is based on
dictionary definitions and a connotative
meaning is based on fluids context of
its issue.

19. A word choice is an important part of
any communication. It is a manner in
which something is expressed in
words. The choice of words is the
style of expression. A person, in
general, chooses words to which he
feels comfortable, confident, and
simple enough for a general audience
to understand.

20. A euphemism is a word or phrase that
softens an uncomfortable topic. It uses
figurative language to refer to a
situation without having to confront it.
For example, if someone was recently
fired, they might say they are between
jobs, a common euphemism for being
unemployed

21. Weakness
lack of strength, firmness, vigor, or the
like; feebleness. an inadequate or
defective quality, as in a person's
character; slight fault or defect: to show
great sympathy for human weaknesses.

22. Strengths
are defined as character traits or skills that are
considered positive. Strengths include knowledge,
attributes, skills, and talents. Weaknesses are just
the opposite. Weaknesses are defined as character
traits or skills that are considered negative or not
as well developed.

23. What are purposes of communication?
Purposes. Communication serves five
major purposes: to inform, to express
feelings, to imagine, to influence, and to
meet social expectations. Each of these
purposes is reflected in a form of
communication.

24. How to improve communication skills?
Be clear and concise
Prepare ahead of time
Be mindful of nonverbal communication
Watch your tone
Practice active listening
Build your emotional intelligence
Develop a workplace communication strategy
Create a positive organizational culture

25. What are the good communication skills?
1. Written And Oral Communication. Verbal communication
is using words to convey information and it includes both
written and oral communication. ...
2. Presentation. ...
3. Active Listening. ...
4. Nonverbal Communication. ...
5. Feedback. ...
6. Respect. ...
7. Confidence. ...
8. Clarity.

26. What are the topics in purposive communication?
Purposive Communication is about writing,
speaking, and presenting to different audiences
and for various purposes.

27. What is 21st purposive
communication?
Purposive Communication in the 21st
Century is about writing, speaking,
and presenting to different
audiences and for various purposes .

28. What is the 7 elements of communication?
Sender
Receive
Message
Channel
Feedback
Context

29. Sender
The sender is the person who is trying to
communicate a message.
The sender wants the other person to receive and
understand his/her message. The intent of the
message is usually to get the other person(s) to do
or understand something.

30. Receiver
The receiver is the recipient of the message and
must translate the words into thoughts, process the
thoughts, and determine how to respond to the
sender.
The challenge is that since the receiver’s education
and experience may be very different from the
sender, words often have different meanings.

31. Message
While you may carefully choose the words to
speak, words alone represent a small percentage
of what is received by the other person. In fact,
according to the literature, words carry the least
value in the message.

32. Channel
Channel is the medium used by the sender to send the
message to the receiver. This may be in-person, via
telephone, e-mail, text message, written correspondence
or a third-party.
An important point to remember is that when
communication is only verbal the most important element
of communication…body language…is left out. If the
communication is written, then both body language and
voice inflection are left out.

33. Feedback
Feedback is the process of determining if the
message has been properly received. This can be
initiated by the sender or receiver. The sender, for
example, may ask the receiver to repeat the
message to confirm that the message was received
as intended. On the other hand, a good listener
will provide feedback to confirm that he/she
correctly received the message.

34. Noise
Noise refers to interference that takes place during the
communication process. Both the sender and receiver may be
distracted by noise. Noise may come from internal (thoughts,
emotions, etc.) or external sources (radios, other conversations,
etc.).
When encountering a noise, take steps to reduce the distraction. If
the noise is internal, take some time to refocus. Taking several
deeps breathes can help. Excusing yourself to go get a drink of
water may be the mental break needed to clear the mind.
If the noise is external, then try to find a quieter location for the
meeting. If necessary, consider rescheduling the meeting for a time
when there are fewer distractions.

35. Context
Context is another way of taking into consideration the setting.
Examples of context include:
What is going through the other person’s mind when you show up?
Did they just have a blow-up with an employee or customer?
What is the environment like? Is it noisy? Are there customers
standing around?
What was the nature of the last contact and how did that go?
What cultural factors should be considered?
Are there notes or helpful information from the person who took
the initial call?

36. A good speaker will also think about the delivery
method, or the way in which the speech will be
conveyed to the audience.
There are a few ways in which this is done:
•Impromptu
•Extemporaneous
•Manuscript
•Memorized

37. Impromptu
This type of speech is delivered “on the spur of the moment” and
this depends solely on your ability to speak in an instant. Many
times, you have done this in class when your teachers ask you to
explain or justify your answers without asking you to look at your
notes. You also see this in beauty pageants where the candidate is
asked by a judge or by the master of ceremony in an instant. Many
times, we find these contestants stammering or stuttering because
they are overwhelmed by the number of spectators watching them
and by other factors that intimidate them. While it is not easy to
do this, anybody can prepare for such impromptu speeches.

38. Consider the question or statement to which you are about
to reply or react.
Speak briefly but be sure to speak about the significant
point/s.
Compose yourself as you organize your thoughts logically.
Be mindful of what you say but not overly self-conscious.
Breathe properly.

39. Extemporaneous
This speech allows the speaker to prepare his/her
thoughts and mode of delivery. Notecards or short
outlines written on a small sheet of paper help
significantly in making the speech delivery organized.
These note cards or prompts tell you where to go next
but you use your own words throughout the speech.
This makes this type of delivery different from the
impromptu speech, which does not allow the speaker
to prepare ahead of time. In an extemporaneous
speech, you are given enough time to prepare for it.

40. Do research on the topic
Have enough practice delivering the speech to
gain self-confidence

41. Manuscript
Before delivering this speech, the speaker prepares
the manuscript that he/she has to present. This
requires the speaker to read every word in it. This
type of speech happens when the speaker cannot
afford to commit any mistake or when the script has
to be read exactly as it was written.

42. Focus on key phrases and highlight keywords on your
manuscript.
Practice your speech repeatedly.
Glance at the highlighted words to remember which idea comes
next.
Thoroughly familiarize yourself with the substance of your
speech and the sequence of your main points.
Maintain a conversational tone.
Periodically look at your audience.

43. Memorized
This usually sounds mechanical and is
seldom uses or recommended. If you
choose to memorize:
keep it short
add expression in your voice

44. How you deliver your speech is important as an
audience may refuse to listen to your message
at all if you do not use an effective presentation
method given your purpose, audience, and
context. The good news is that this skill can be
learned. With practice, speaking effectively
before an audience gets easier and more
personally satisfying as you get back the energy
generated by your speech from the audience.

45. What are the 4 main types of communication?
Every person has a unique communication style, a
way in which they interact and exchange
information with others. There are four basic
communication styles: passive, aggressive,
passive-aggressive and assertive. It's important
to understand each communication style, and
why individuals use them.

46. Passive
 Individuals who use the passive communication style often act indifferently,
yielding to others. Passive communicators usually fail to express their feelings or
needs, allowing others to express themselves. Frequently, a passive
communicator’s lack of outward communication can lead to misunderstanding,
anger build-up or resentment. At the same time, these communicators can be
safer to speak with when a conflict arises, because they most likely will avoid a
confrontation or defer to others.
 Passive communicators often display a lack of eye contact, poor body posture and
an inability to say “no.” Passive communicators also act in a way that states
“people never consider my feelings.”
 But passive communicators are also easy to get along with as they follow others
and “go with the flow.”

47. Aggressive
It’s often apparent when someone communicates
in an aggressive manner. You’ll hear it. You’ll see
it. You may even feel it.
The aggressive communication style is
emphasized by speaking in a loud and demanding
voice, maintaining intense eye contact and
dominating or controlling others by blaming,
intimidating, criticizing, threatening or attacking
them, among other traits.

48. Passive-Aggressive
 Passive-aggressive communication style users appear passive on the
surface, but within he or she may feel powerless or stuck, building
up a resentment that leads to seething or acting out in subtle,
indirect or secret ways.
 Most passive-aggressive communicators will mutter to themselves
rather than confront a person or issue. They have difficulty
acknowledging their anger, use facial expressions that don’t
correlate with how they feel and even deny there is a problem.
 Passive-aggressive communicators are most likely to communicate
with body language or a lack of open communication to another
person, such as giving someone the silent treatment, spreading
rumors behind people’s backs or sabotaging others’ efforts. Passive-
aggressive communicators may also appear cooperative, but may
silently be doing the opposite.

49. Assertive
Thought to be the most effective form of
communication, the assertive communication style
features an open communication link while not
being overbearing. Assertive communicators can
express their own needs, desires, ideas and
feelings, while also considering the needs of others.
Assertive communicators aim for both sides to win
in a situation, balancing one’s rights with the rights
of others.

50. Type of speech

51. Informative speech
Informative speeches aim to educate an audience on a
particular topic or message. Unlike demonstrative speeches,
they don't use visual aids. They do, however, use facts, data
and statistics to help audiences grasp a concept. These facts
and statistics help back any claims or assertions you make. For
example, a zoo guide gives an informative speech to a group of
people, educating them on a zoo animal using various statistical
facts or historical information. Informative speeches can also
cover social or economic topics. Although they're not designed
to get the audience to believe a certain viewpoint or opinion,
they inform the audience with all the relevant details
surrounding a particular topic.

52. The Four Types of Informative Speeches
But not all informative speeches inform an audience in
the same way. The four types of informative speeches are
definition speeches, demonstration speeches,
explanatory speeches, and descriptive speeches.

53. Entertaining speech
Entertaining speeches aim to amuse a crowd
of people. Often less formal and shorter than
traditional speeches, entertaining speeches
communicate emotions rather than giving the
audience facts and figures. Rather, they
often include humor or funny stories. You can
often find entertaining speeches at a
birthday party or a wedding. Some examples
of entertaining speeches include a best man's
speech at a wedding or a principal's speech
before a school talent show.

54. What are the 4 types of speech?
The four basic types of speeches are: to
inform, to instruct, to entertain, and to
persuade. These are not mutually exclusive of
one another. You may have several purposes in
mind when giving your presentation.

55. Demonstrative speech
Demonstrative speeches serve to educate an
audience about a topic or idea they don't have
knowledge of this . They often include visual aids to
help better demonstrate or describe something in
greater detail. While you can easily confuse a
demonstrative speech with an informative speech, a
demonstrative speech actually demonstrates how to
do something. For example, a tech company can give
a speech demonstrating their new devices. While
they're informing the public about their new
products, they're demonstrating how they work,
thus, making it a demonstrative speech.

56. Persuasive speech
Persuasive speeches help convince an audience that
the speaker has the right opinion on a particular
topic. Persuasive speeches can cover any topic from
entertainment to something more serious like
politics. Typically, speakers use concrete evidence to
better persuade their listeners and gain their
support. When you include evidence, it helps make
your stance more believable and may even be
enough to change a listener's mind about the
particular topic you're speaking on. With enough
facts to back up your opinion, you have a greater
chance of receiving the audience's support.

57. What are 3 types of persuasive speeches?
There are three categories of propositions
that lead to three basics types of persuasive
speeches: those that support propositions of
fact, those that support propositions of
value, and those that support propositions of
policy.

58. Oratorical speech
While oratorical refers to the act of speech giving,
an oratorical speech refers to a specific type of
speech. They're typically more formal than other
types of speeches. While some oratorical speeches
can be long such as those found at funerals or
graduations, others may be short and more informal
such as a toast at a special event. Though oratorical
speech givers don't necessarily want to persuade the
audience on a particular topic, they can still cover
certain issues and express their opinion.

59. Debate speech
Debate speeches refer to a type of speech that often
follows a certain set of rules and takes place during
a debate event. During a debate, all sides have an
equal amount of time to speak on behalf of their
opinion or view. While a debate speech often uses
the same mechanics as a persuasive speech and
includes plenty of statistical figures to help support
a claim, it's different from a persuasive speech. For
example, rather than trying to convince someone to
join a particular side as with a persuasive speech,
debate speeches aim to justify an opinion on a
particular matter.

60. Special occasion speech
Special occasion speeches don't fall into a particular
category and don't follow a set format. Instead, they
aim to fit the special occasion, whether it's a
wedding, an award show or a birthday party. Special
occasion speeches aim to fit the context of the
environment to effectively communicate the
message and gain the audience's attention. While
they're often short and upbeat, they're still
interesting and direct. Unlike a lot of other
speeches, special occasion speeches don't require
the use of statistics or data.

61. Types of Special Occasion Speeches
Speeches of Introduction
Speeches of Presentation
Speeches of Acceptance
Speeches of Dedication
Toasts
Roasts
Eulogies. Praise. Lament. Console.
Speeches of Farewell.

62. Pitch speech
Pitch speeches try to get support or approval for an idea,
product or solution. For example, if you're a salesperson, you
may try to sell a customer a new product. You're essentially
pitching the product to them by telling them its best qualities
and how the product can benefit them in their daily life. Pitch
speeches can also be part of a greater presentation such as
one found in an office when you're trying to get your
colleagues or superiors on board with a particular idea or
approach.

63. Motivational speech
Motivational speeches aim to inspire an audience and give
attendees the confidence to do something better or improve
themselves. They essentially serve to lift the audience's spirits
and improve their self-esteem. Motivational speeches help move
a person or audience toward achieving a particular goal. While
employers or managers give this type of speech to motivate their
employees to perform better in the workplace, coaches give this
type of speech to inspire their team to perform better on the
field or

64. Impromptu speech
An impromptu speech refers to a speech you deliver
without any prior preparation or rehearsal time.
Typically, someone spontaneously calls on you to give an
impromptu speech at an event or another occasion.
Because of the nature of an impromptu speech, giving
one can often feel intimidating and cause a great deal of
stress since you had no time to prepare. However, with
some guidance and experience, you're better able to
deliver an impromptu speech with confidence.

65. Farewell speech
A farewell speech refers to a speech where you say your
goodbyes to a group of people. For example, you can
give a farewell speech to your colleagues when you leave
your job, or give a farewell speech to your loved ones if
you're moving far away or traveling abroad. Since
farewell speeches often have a sad tone, they often
generate strong emotions in both the speaker and the
audience.

66. Explanatory speech
Explanatory speeches describe a situation or particular thing.
While they're similar to demonstrative speeches, explanatory
speeches provide a breakdown on how to do something while
providing the audience with a detailed step-by-step process.
They also don't use a visual aid to help the audience better
understand what you're saying. When a food talk show host shows
their audience how they make a particular dish, for example,
they use an explanatory speech to describe each step of the
recipe process.

67. Eulogy or funeral speech
Funeral or eulogy speeches aim to honor a
recently passed individual in front of an audience
attending a funeral service. Typically, they're given
by a minister or by someone close to the
deceased. The speaker tries to find the right
words to not only honor the individual with a
heartfelt speech but also praise them for what
they achieved when they were alive.

68. Tips for speech research

69. Research your audience. If you know who you'll be
speaking to, get to know your audience before giving
your speech. Getting to know your audience can give you
insight into their opinions, thoughts and how best to
reach them. Consider what questions they might ask you
and if you don't think you have suitable answers for
them, perform enough research to help you better
prepare for their queries.

70. Consider the event or venue. As you continue your research,
think about the venue or event where you'll give your speech. For
example, you can give a speech at an industry event, a birthday
party or a formal conference. Consider the venue, along with
how much time you have and whether or not you'll get a
microphone to use. Knowing this information can help you create
a speech that effectively addresses your audience with the right
tone and fits your time allotment.

71. Focus on your topic. When preparing your speech,
take the time to understand the topic you're speaking
on. Make sure you know what you're talking about. If
you need additional knowledge, gather enough
information with thorough research. Make sure to
focus only on your particular topic and avoid getting
sidetracked with other information. If it helps, create
an outline for your speech to help you stay focused.

72. Get balanced information. Depending on the type of speech you
give, you may need to provide a balanced set of evidence to your
audience. For example, instead of providing your audience with
statistical evidence only backing one side of an argument, offer
them figures that support both sides. Giving them a balanced set
of information helps them come to their own conclusion. If the
side you're on has better evidence, it's often better to let the
audience come to their own conclusion rather than forcing them
into your mindset.

73. Use reputable sources. If your speech contains facts, data and
statistical figures, make sure you're getting your information
from credible and reputable resources. Consider using peer-
reviewed academic journals, government websites, industry
literature, reference books or scholarly websites to find the
data, information or statistical information you need. Using
valuable resources ensures you're giving your audience the most
accurate information. It's also important to cite your sources in
your speech to not only give them credit but also to improve your
ethos with your audience and help them believe what you're
saying.

74. Figure of speech

77. The Noun (n.)
A noun is a word which gives a name to
something, in some cases you might hear
them referred to as a ‘naming word.’ There
are various different subcategories of nouns
such as the proper noun, the collective noun,
the possessive noun and the common noun.
Each one of these serves a different purpose,
let’s look at this a little more closely.

78. Noun Examples:
Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant,
garden, school, work, music, town, Manila, teacher,
farmer, Bob, Sean, Michael, police officer, France,
coffee, football, danger, happiness…

79. The Proper Noun
The proper noun is used to
name a specific item, for
example the names of places or
people or perhaps a movie or
song title.

80. The Collective Noun
A collective noun is used to refer to
a group of nouns, for example
people or animal groups.

81. The Possessive Noun
A possessive noun is used to show ownership
of something, this is done by adding an
apostrophe and an s, like in the following
examples.
This is my dog’s ball.
That is Sarah’s friend.

82. The Common Noun
A common noun is the most simple
form of a noun and gives a name to
an item.
Here is a cup.
Do you want a cake?

83. Determiners
Determiners are a part of speech that are placed in front of nouns to
clarify their reference. They include categories such as:
Articles – a, an, the
Numbers – two, eight, ninety-nine
Pronouns and possessive determiners – his, her, its, your, my, their,
our
Difference determiners – other, the other, another
Demonstratives – these, those, that, this
Quantifiers – a little, a few, much, many, some, any, enough, most
Distributives – half, both, every, each, all, neither, either
Pre-determiners – quite, such, rather, what.

84. Articles
Articles are a sub-category of determiners that serve as a type
of adjective to identify nouns. They may be:
Definitive – which indicates that the noun’s identity is already
known to the audience. The word the would be a definitive
article because it indicates a noun that is already known to the
reader/audience (“I am going to sit in the chair.”), or
Indefinite – indicates an unfamiliar noun, or references a noun
for the first time, or shows a noun belongs to a certain class of
objects. The words a and an are considered indefinite articles
(“I am going to sit in a chair.”, “You are an accountant.”, or “I
was born on a Thursday.”).

85. The Verb (vb.)
A verb is one of the most important
parts of speech and is a word
which is used to describe an
action. There are three main types
of verbs which are detailed below.

86. The Action Verb
An action verb does exactly what you might
expect, it describes an action.
The man walked down the street.
I laughed at his joke.

87. The Linking Verb
A linking verb is used to show a state of being
rather than a physical action.
Sarah feels cold.
I am very tired.

88. The Modal Verb
A modal verb is used to ‘help’ the main
verb and can show the speakers
thoughts or attitude about what they
are saying. For example, words such as
might, must, could and can are all
modal verbs.
I might walk to the park this afternoon.
He can eat the last slice of cake

89. The Pronoun (pron.)
A pronoun is one which replaces a noun, and
once again there are various different types
of pronouns within the English language. Each
one is used in a different way, let’s take a
look at some examples of this.
Examples:
I, me, we, you, he, she, yours, himself, its,
my, that, this, those, us, who, whom

90. The Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to
self, for example myself or yourself.
I am going to keep this last cupcake for
myself.
Peter always puts himself first.

91. The Indefinite Pronoun
This type of pronoun is used to refer to a non
specific person or item, you might see words
such as anything, few, everyone or all.
Can you take all of these?
I need to speak to someone about this rash
on my arm.

92. The Possessive Pronoun
A possessive pronoun is used to show
possession or ownership of something, for
example my, his, their or yours.
Is this your bag?
I have been looking after his daughter.

93. The Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is used to introduce an
adjective clause. You might recognize these
as words such as who, which, that or whose.
This is the woman who will be working with
you.
Is this the book that everyone is raving about?

94. The Adjective (adj.)
An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun,
there are thousands of adjectives within the English
language.
Examples:
Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave,
careful, healthy, little, old, generous, red, smart, two, small,
tall, some, good, big, useful, interesting…
Brown dog, red car, tall boy, fat cat, big garden.

95. The Adverb (adv.)
An adverb is used to modify, or further
explain an adjective, verb or another adverb.
They can add more information to a sentence
making it more clear and easier for the
listener to imagine what is being described in
detail. Most of the time, adverbs will end in
the letters -ly but there are some exceptions
to this rule such as the words very and never.

96. The Conjunction (conj.)
A conjunction is used as a way of
joining two or more ideas or words
together. Most commonly you will see
the words for, and, not, but, or, yet and
so used as a conjunction.

97. The Preposition (prep.)
A preposition is used in English to show
a relationship between two words or
phrases. You might recognize a
preposition as being words such as in,
before, on, at, to, between etc.

98. The Interjection (interj.)
An interjection could also be
thought of as a exclamation. They
are used to emotion, reaction or
excitement and have no
grammatical link to anything else
within the sentence they appear.

99. ANALYZING THE
PRINCIPLES, PROCESS AND ETHICS OF
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

100. A Speech is an example of verbal
communication that is delivered to a specific
audience in a given context for a clear
purposes these factors guides the
development and effe3ctiveness of the
speech.

101. Audience
A group of people whose
backgrounds, concern and
interest may shape the way
a message received.

102. CONTEXT
Conditions that shape the
contents of the messages such
as significant period or
senders backgrounds and
experiences

103. Purpose- a concrete set
objectives or reasons for
addressing a specific audience
in a given context.

104. Communication Meets Needs
Physical needs include needs that keep our bodies and minds
functioning like air, food, water, and sleep. Communication,
which we most often associate with our brain, mouth, eyes, and
ears, actually has many more connections to and effects on our
physical body and well-being. At the most basic level,
communication can alert others that our physical needs are not
being met. Even babies cry when they are hungry or sick to alert
their caregiver of the need to satisfy physical needs. Current
research indicates that social connection has a huge impact on
longevity, our immune systems, and other aspects of physical
health (Seppala, et al., 2014)

105. Instrumental needs Include needs that help us get things
done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-
term goals. We all have short- and long-term goals that we
work on every day. Fulfilling these goals is an ongoing
communicative task, which means we spend much of our
time communicating for instrumental needs. Some common
instrumental needs include influencing others, getting
information we need, or securing support (Burleson, Metts, &
Kirch, 2000). An example could be when Jeon tries to
persuade his roommate to turn down his music because he is
studying. In this instance, Jeon is using communication to
meet an instrumental need.

106.  Relational needs include needs that help us maintain social bonds
and interpersonal relationships. Communicating to fill our
instrumental needs helps us function on many levels, but
communicating for relational needs helps us achieve the social
relating that is an essential part of being human. Communication
meets our relational needs by giving us a tool through which to
develop, maintain, and end relationships.
 Identity needs include our need to present ourselves to others and
be thought of in particular and desired ways. What adjectives would
you use to describe yourself? Are you funny, smart, loyal, or quirky?
Your answer isn’t just based on who you think you are, since much of
how we think of ourselves is based on our communication with other
people. Our identity changes as we progress through life, but
communication is the primary means of establishing our identity and
fulfilling our identity needs

107. REGISTER
The language register (also called linguistic
register and speech register) definition describes
the way a person speaks in relation to their
audience. A speaker modifies their language
register to signal levels of formality according to
their relationship to their audience and intended
purpose of speech.

108. Communication Principle and process
FORMAL REGISTER
-Is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss
or a strangers.
INFORMAL REGISTER
- Also called casual or intimate is conversational and appropriate
when writing to friends and people you know very well.
NEUTRAL
Register is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most
appropriate for technical writing.

109. COMMUNICATING IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
CULTURE is way of life that is cultivated and
deepened in a community of people who share
similar belief, values , behavior and goals.
Culture plays significant roles in the way
communication is shaped and achieved. It forms
the rules and norms that5 make communication
either an easy task or truly a complex process.

110. Explaining unique cultural practice: cultural
characteristic that shape communication
In any culture there are certain sets of behavior that
are expected and acceptable , there are also those
that are considered disrespectful, demeaning and
therefore deemed unacceptable based on cultural and
norm practices. These behavior may have to do with
how we communicate to family members, relatives
friends, constituents, acquaintances and strangers.