Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or aromatic groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines react as weak bases and their reactions include neutralization by acids to form alkylammonium salts. Amines have many applications, including use in dyes, drugs, gas treatment, and as catalysts in polyurethane foams. Some solvents used for carbon capture have low biodegradability, so it is important to evaluate the environmental impacts of amines.

1. Amines
BY: KAMRAN MANJINDER AND JENNIFER

2. Introduction of Amines
 Considered Organic derivatives of Ammonia (NH3)
 One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or Aromatic
group
 Classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
 Dependent upon the number of Organic groups directly attached
to the Nitrogen atom

3. Rules/Laws to predict predominant
product(s) And Reactions
Primary amines
 Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the amine group
to get the parent compound.
 Drop the final –e of the parent name and add the suffix –amine.
 Number the parent chain to give the amine carbon the lowest possible
number
 Name and number all sub-chains as usual
 Secondary and tertiary amines
 Add the prefix N-alkyl to the name of the parent for 2° and 3° amines

4. Cont’d - Examples
The simplest aromatic
amine is benzenamine
4-chlorobenzenamine
N,N-Dimethylbenzene

5. Structural Drawings of reactions
• Amines React as a weak base in an aqueous solution
• Nitrogen will act as a proton (H+) acceptor
• Water would act as the proton donor

6. Cont’d Reactions
 When an amine is neutralized by an acid, and alkylammonium salt is
produced.

7. Cont’d Reactions
 An alkyl ammonium salt is the conjugate acid of the corresponding
amine. Therefore alkyl ammonium salts will react with hydroxide ions
to produce the amine and water.

8. Cont’d Reaction Catalysts
 Amine Catalysts can be used in a variety of polyurethane foam
applications
 Example: Seat cushions, mattresses, refrigerators, freezers, and wall
insulation
 Common polyurethane amine catalysts are: triethylenediamine,
pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, and dimethylcyclohexylamine

9. APPLICATIONS OF AMINES

10. Using amines as dyes
Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the
manufacture of azo dyes, some examples are as follows
1. methyl orange
2. direct brown 138
3. sunset yellow FCF
4. poncean

11. Using amines for drugs
 Many drugs are designed to mimic or to interfere with the action of
natural amine neurotransmitters , exemplified by the amine drugs:
 ·chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that helps to relieve allergic
disorders due to cold, hay fever, itchy skin, insect bites and stings.
 · chlorpromazine is a tranquillizer that sedates without inducing
sleep. It is used to relieve anxiety, excitement, restlessness or even
mental disorder.
 · ephedrine and phenyleprine, as amine hydrochlorides, are used as
decongestant

12. Using amines for gas treatment
 Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) and some other widely amines
are used industrially for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas and refinery process
streams.
 They may also be used to remove CO2 from combustion gases /flue
gases and may have potential for abatement of greenhouse gases.
Related processes are known as sweetening.

13. Health and environmental impacts
of amines
1. The process of post combustion ( CO2-capture by chemical
absorption) relies on large scale of amines in aqueous solution.
In such operations, emissions of amines may occur through the
cleaned exhaust gas, as degraded solvent and as accidental
spills. It is thus important that the chemicals used have low or
no environmental effects.
2. To check this, standard ecotoxicity and biodegradability tests
for a marine environment were performed on more than 40
amines, including both solvents already in use for CO2-
removal and new promising chemicals.

14.  Some of the solvents used for carbon capture, have
been shown to have low biodegradability. The tertiary
amines which have been tested do not degrade easily,
while the amino acids tested both have low toxicity and
degrade easily.