Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of organic substituents attached to the nitrogen. Amines are named systematically and have basic properties due to the lone pair on the nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include alkylation, acylation, diazotization, and reduction of diazonium salts.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Amines have basic properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds and have higher boiling points than tertiary amines. Amines can be prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles or amides, and other reactions. They undergo nucleophilic substitution and other reactions due to the lone pair on nitrogen.
This document discusses aromatic amines and their properties and synthesis. It defines aromatic amines as those where nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring. It notes that aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. Several methods for synthesizing aromatic amines are described, including reduction of nitrobenzene, reductive amination of carbonyl groups, and reduction of nitriles. The Hofmann rearrangement, which converts a primary amide to a primary amine, is also summarized.
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, structure, basicity, and reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. It covers topics such as IUPAC nomenclature, hydrogen bonding abilities, inversion of chiral amines, relative basicities, and reactions including oxidation, diazotization, and coupling reactions.
2. Amines can undergo a variety of reactions due to the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, including acting as a base or nucleophile. Reactions covered include oxidation, diazotization with nitrous acid, coupling reactions, and eliminations.
3. The document provides examples of amine syntheses such as reductive amination and
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Amines have basic properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Common methods for synthesizing amines include reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, and reduction of nitriles or amides. Amines undergo electrophilic substitution and acylation reactions. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. There are three main types of amines: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Amines can be prepared through several methods including reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles and amides, and the Hoffman bromamide degradation reaction. Amines exhibit basic chemical properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Primary amines are the strongest bases while tertiary amines are the weakest bases. Acylation and reaction with nitrous acid are characteristic chemical reactions of amines.
- Amines react with acids like HCl to form ammonium salts, making them basic. The degree of basicity depends on factors like substituents and ability to stabilize positive charge.
- Aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the amine more than the ion. Electron donating groups increase basicity while electron withdrawing groups decrease it.
Amines, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Chemical by ShababMd. Shabab Mehebub
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, physical properties, and chemical reactions. It notes that amines are organic derivatives of ammonia where alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of groups attached to nitrogen. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC or common systems. Amines tend to be gases or liquids with odors, and can hydrogen bond. Their reactivity includes acting as bases or nucleophiles in substitution reactions. Aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution, and oxidation or reactions with nitrous acid are also possible.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Amines have basic properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds and have higher boiling points than tertiary amines. Amines can be prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles or amides, and other reactions. They undergo nucleophilic substitution and other reactions due to the lone pair on nitrogen.
This document discusses aromatic amines and their properties and synthesis. It defines aromatic amines as those where nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring. It notes that aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. Several methods for synthesizing aromatic amines are described, including reduction of nitrobenzene, reductive amination of carbonyl groups, and reduction of nitriles. The Hofmann rearrangement, which converts a primary amide to a primary amine, is also summarized.
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, structure, basicity, and reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. It covers topics such as IUPAC nomenclature, hydrogen bonding abilities, inversion of chiral amines, relative basicities, and reactions including oxidation, diazotization, and coupling reactions.
2. Amines can undergo a variety of reactions due to the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, including acting as a base or nucleophile. Reactions covered include oxidation, diazotization with nitrous acid, coupling reactions, and eliminations.
3. The document provides examples of amine syntheses such as reductive amination and
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Amines have basic properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Common methods for synthesizing amines include reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, and reduction of nitriles or amides. Amines undergo electrophilic substitution and acylation reactions. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. There are three main types of amines: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Amines can be prepared through several methods including reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles and amides, and the Hoffman bromamide degradation reaction. Amines exhibit basic chemical properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Primary amines are the strongest bases while tertiary amines are the weakest bases. Acylation and reaction with nitrous acid are characteristic chemical reactions of amines.
- Amines react with acids like HCl to form ammonium salts, making them basic. The degree of basicity depends on factors like substituents and ability to stabilize positive charge.
- Aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the amine more than the ion. Electron donating groups increase basicity while electron withdrawing groups decrease it.
Amines, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Chemical by ShababMd. Shabab Mehebub
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, physical properties, and chemical reactions. It notes that amines are organic derivatives of ammonia where alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of groups attached to nitrogen. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC or common systems. Amines tend to be gases or liquids with odors, and can hydrogen bond. Their reactivity includes acting as bases or nucleophiles in substitution reactions. Aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution, and oxidation or reactions with nitrous acid are also possible.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. There are three types of amines based on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom: primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Amines can be prepared through various methods like reduction of nitroalkanes, nitriles, amides, oximes; reaction of primary amines with alkyl halides; and reaction of alkyl halides with ammonia. Their structures, nomenclature, physical properties and chemical reactions are discussed in the document. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation, acylation, reaction with nitrous acid, sulfonylation, and carbylamine reaction due to
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It describes how amines are moderately polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Their boiling points are higher than non-polar compounds due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include salt formation, alkylation, conversion to amides, aromatic substitution, Hofmann elimination, and formation of diazonium salts. Diazonium salts can undergo replacement or coupling reactions.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines exhibit hydrogen bonding and have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes. They act as bases and react with acids to form salts. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas and alcohols/alkenes, while secondary amines form nitrosamines. Aromatic amines are used to synthesize azo dyes through diazonium salt formation. Nylon is produced by condensation polymerization of diamines and dic
This document discusses amines, including their classification, preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, and reactions. Amines are derivatives of ammonia where hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. They are prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles or amides, and other methods. Amines are basic due to the lone pair on the nitrogen. Primary and secondary amines are more basic than tertiary amines due to solvation effects. Aromatic amines are less basic than alkyl amines. Amines undergo reactions such as acylation, carbylamine formation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Aromatic amines have an amine group directly attached to an aromatic ring. Amines can act as bases by accepting protons. Their basicity depends on factors like substitution, with electron-donating groups increasing basicity. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation with acids, nitrosoamine formation with nitrous acid, amide formation with acyl chlorides/anhydrides, and halogenation of aromatic amines.
Chemistry of aromatic amines, Classification of amines, Preparation, reactions of amines, synthetic uses of aromatic amines, basicity of aromatic amines and factor affecting basicity amine.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen. The document discusses nomenclature, physical properties, basicity, reactions including salt formation and reactions with acids, and uses of amines such as in the synthesis of nylon and azo dyes.
1) Aromatic amines are organic compounds containing an amine (-NH2) group attached directly to an aromatic ring. They are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring, which decreases the availability of the nitrogen lone pair for protonation.
2) The basicity of amines is affected by factors like inductive effects, steric hindrance, and hydrogen bonding. Secondary amines are the strongest bases due to favorable hydrogen bonding interactions.
3) Aromatic amines like aniline are weaker bases than aliphatic amines like cyclohexylamine because the nitrogen lone pair is delocalized into the aromatic ring, making it less available for proton
1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides names are formed by changing the acid name to the root name plus "amide".
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which produces the amide upon heating. From chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia to form the amide.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis with acid to form ammonium salts and carboxylic acids. With base they form ammonia/amines and carboxylate salts.
This document discusses the structures, nomenclature, properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogens have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. It discusses the IUPAC nomenclature system for amines and describes several methods for preparing primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including alkylation of ammonia, reduction of nitroalkanes, and reduction of nitriles. The document also summarizes the physical and chemical properties of amines such as their higher boiling points, solubility, and basic character. It describes several characteristic reactions of amines including alkylation, reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form imines, and reaction with nitrous
Nitro compounds can be prepared by several methods including nitration of alkanes, from alkyl halides, and from primary amines. Nitro compounds undergo various reactions including reduction, hydrolysis, halogenation, and reaction with nitrous acid. Amines can be prepared from alkyl halides, oximes, alkyl cyanides, amides, and nitro compounds by reduction. Amines undergo reactions like basic hydrolysis, reactions with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts, acylation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. Diazonium salts are important intermediates that allow introduction of groups like chlorine, bromine, fluoride, and hydroxyl into aromatic rings. They also undergo azo coupling reactions
This document provides information about aromatic amines presented by a student group for their continuous assessment. It includes the names of group members, topics to be covered such as classification, properties, basicity and substituent effects. Reaction mechanisms are discussed for the nitrosation, coupling, Sandmeyer and Hinsberg reactions. The uses of aryl diazonium salts as synthetic intermediates to introduce various functional groups onto aromatic rings are also mentioned.
The document provides information about amines and amides. It discusses the structures and properties of amines, including their classifications and nomenclature. Primary and secondary amines can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Amines react as weak bases and form alkylammonium salts with acids. Amides have high boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Amides are named as alkanamides and are prepared from amines through reaction with acid anhydrides or chlorides.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation methods, properties and reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes and alkenes.
2. Alkanes can be prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz reaction, and decarboxylation of sodium carboxylates. Alkenes can be prepared through dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, and controlled hydrogenation of alkynes.
3. The properties and reactions discussed for alkanes and alkenes include their physical properties, substitution reactions, oxidation reactions, and thermal decomposition. Alkenes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They have the general formula CnH2n+2 and contain single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are highly stable due to weak polarization of carbon-hydrogen bonds. They undergo substitution reactions and reactions at high temperatures like halogenation and cracking. Alkanes can be synthesized by hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, and Wurtz reaction.
This document discusses the structure, classification, naming, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of amines. It begins by describing amines as derivatives of ammonia with hydrogens and/or alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups. Common methods for preparing amines include SN2 reactions with alkyl halides, reduction of nitro compounds, and reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones. The document notes that amines act as bases and undergo nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and other reactions similar to ammonia. It provides examples of biologically active amines that function as neurotransmitters, hormones
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Common tests to identify amines include solubility in acid, reaction with litmus, nitrous acid, and formation of azo dyes or sulfonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas or diazonium salts, secondary amines form nitrosamines, and tertiary amines form nitrite salts. Aromatic amines are named as derivatives of aniline and react similarly in identification tests.
This document provides an overview of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses how HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase and finely divided stationary phase to separate components. Key aspects covered include the principles of HPLC, typical instrumentation such as solvent delivery systems and columns, and considerations for the mobile phase like composition, polarity, and isocratic versus gradient elution methods. The document also examines stationary phase materials like modified silica and how they impact selectivity.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses how organic chemistry originated from distinguishing between compounds from living versus non-living sources. It then defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds, as carbon can form diverse structures through its ability to form four strong covalent bonds. The document proceeds to discuss atomic structure, bonding theory including hybridization, and provides examples of sp3 and sp2 hybridization in molecules like ethane and ethene.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. There are three types of amines based on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom: primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Amines can be prepared through various methods like reduction of nitroalkanes, nitriles, amides, oximes; reaction of primary amines with alkyl halides; and reaction of alkyl halides with ammonia. Their structures, nomenclature, physical properties and chemical reactions are discussed in the document. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation, acylation, reaction with nitrous acid, sulfonylation, and carbylamine reaction due to
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It describes how amines are moderately polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Their boiling points are higher than non-polar compounds due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. Common reactions of amines include salt formation, alkylation, conversion to amides, aromatic substitution, Hofmann elimination, and formation of diazonium salts. Diazonium salts can undergo replacement or coupling reactions.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines exhibit hydrogen bonding and have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes. They act as bases and react with acids to form salts. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas and alcohols/alkenes, while secondary amines form nitrosamines. Aromatic amines are used to synthesize azo dyes through diazonium salt formation. Nylon is produced by condensation polymerization of diamines and dic
This document discusses amines, including their classification, preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, and reactions. Amines are derivatives of ammonia where hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. They are prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles or amides, and other methods. Amines are basic due to the lone pair on the nitrogen. Primary and secondary amines are more basic than tertiary amines due to solvation effects. Aromatic amines are less basic than alkyl amines. Amines undergo reactions such as acylation, carbylamine formation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Aromatic amines have an amine group directly attached to an aromatic ring. Amines can act as bases by accepting protons. Their basicity depends on factors like substitution, with electron-donating groups increasing basicity. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation with acids, nitrosoamine formation with nitrous acid, amide formation with acyl chlorides/anhydrides, and halogenation of aromatic amines.
Chemistry of aromatic amines, Classification of amines, Preparation, reactions of amines, synthetic uses of aromatic amines, basicity of aromatic amines and factor affecting basicity amine.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen. The document discusses nomenclature, physical properties, basicity, reactions including salt formation and reactions with acids, and uses of amines such as in the synthesis of nylon and azo dyes.
1) Aromatic amines are organic compounds containing an amine (-NH2) group attached directly to an aromatic ring. They are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring, which decreases the availability of the nitrogen lone pair for protonation.
2) The basicity of amines is affected by factors like inductive effects, steric hindrance, and hydrogen bonding. Secondary amines are the strongest bases due to favorable hydrogen bonding interactions.
3) Aromatic amines like aniline are weaker bases than aliphatic amines like cyclohexylamine because the nitrogen lone pair is delocalized into the aromatic ring, making it less available for proton
1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides names are formed by changing the acid name to the root name plus "amide".
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which produces the amide upon heating. From chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia to form the amide.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis with acid to form ammonium salts and carboxylic acids. With base they form ammonia/amines and carboxylate salts.
This document discusses the structures, nomenclature, properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogens have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. It discusses the IUPAC nomenclature system for amines and describes several methods for preparing primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including alkylation of ammonia, reduction of nitroalkanes, and reduction of nitriles. The document also summarizes the physical and chemical properties of amines such as their higher boiling points, solubility, and basic character. It describes several characteristic reactions of amines including alkylation, reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form imines, and reaction with nitrous
Nitro compounds can be prepared by several methods including nitration of alkanes, from alkyl halides, and from primary amines. Nitro compounds undergo various reactions including reduction, hydrolysis, halogenation, and reaction with nitrous acid. Amines can be prepared from alkyl halides, oximes, alkyl cyanides, amides, and nitro compounds by reduction. Amines undergo reactions like basic hydrolysis, reactions with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts, acylation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. Diazonium salts are important intermediates that allow introduction of groups like chlorine, bromine, fluoride, and hydroxyl into aromatic rings. They also undergo azo coupling reactions
This document provides information about aromatic amines presented by a student group for their continuous assessment. It includes the names of group members, topics to be covered such as classification, properties, basicity and substituent effects. Reaction mechanisms are discussed for the nitrosation, coupling, Sandmeyer and Hinsberg reactions. The uses of aryl diazonium salts as synthetic intermediates to introduce various functional groups onto aromatic rings are also mentioned.
The document provides information about amines and amides. It discusses the structures and properties of amines, including their classifications and nomenclature. Primary and secondary amines can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Amines react as weak bases and form alkylammonium salts with acids. Amides have high boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Amides are named as alkanamides and are prepared from amines through reaction with acid anhydrides or chlorides.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation methods, properties and reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes and alkenes.
2. Alkanes can be prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz reaction, and decarboxylation of sodium carboxylates. Alkenes can be prepared through dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, and controlled hydrogenation of alkynes.
3. The properties and reactions discussed for alkanes and alkenes include their physical properties, substitution reactions, oxidation reactions, and thermal decomposition. Alkenes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They have the general formula CnH2n+2 and contain single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are highly stable due to weak polarization of carbon-hydrogen bonds. They undergo substitution reactions and reactions at high temperatures like halogenation and cracking. Alkanes can be synthesized by hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, and Wurtz reaction.
This document discusses the structure, classification, naming, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of amines. It begins by describing amines as derivatives of ammonia with hydrogens and/or alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups. Common methods for preparing amines include SN2 reactions with alkyl halides, reduction of nitro compounds, and reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones. The document notes that amines act as bases and undergo nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and other reactions similar to ammonia. It provides examples of biologically active amines that function as neurotransmitters, hormones
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Common tests to identify amines include solubility in acid, reaction with litmus, nitrous acid, and formation of azo dyes or sulfonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas or diazonium salts, secondary amines form nitrosamines, and tertiary amines form nitrite salts. Aromatic amines are named as derivatives of aniline and react similarly in identification tests.
This document provides an overview of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses how HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase and finely divided stationary phase to separate components. Key aspects covered include the principles of HPLC, typical instrumentation such as solvent delivery systems and columns, and considerations for the mobile phase like composition, polarity, and isocratic versus gradient elution methods. The document also examines stationary phase materials like modified silica and how they impact selectivity.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses how organic chemistry originated from distinguishing between compounds from living versus non-living sources. It then defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds, as carbon can form diverse structures through its ability to form four strong covalent bonds. The document proceeds to discuss atomic structure, bonding theory including hybridization, and provides examples of sp3 and sp2 hybridization in molecules like ethane and ethene.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate chemical mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. It was first developed in 1900 to separate plant pigments. The key is separation of components to simplify analysis of unknown substances. Chromatography can be classified based on the physical means of contact between phases, the type of mobile and stationary phases used, and the type of interactions that occur. The efficiency of separation depends on column resolution, which is improved by increasing the difference in retention times and decreasing peak widths. Migration rates are determined by distribution constants between phases and affect retention times.
Conductometry measures the conductivity or resistance of a solution between two electrodes. Only ionizable molecules conduct electricity, and the magnitude of conductivity depends on the amount of ions present. Conductivity is affected by electrolyte type, concentration, and temperature. Conductometry is used to determine ion concentrations through titrations, where changes in conductivity indicate the equivalence point. It can be applied to dilute, colored, or turbid solutions where other methods cannot be used. Typical titration curves show changes in conductivity as strong/weak acids and bases are neutralized.
This document provides an introduction to analytical separation techniques and chromatography. It discusses classical and instrumental methods of analysis, with instrumental methods using physical properties and efficient separation techniques. Chromatography is introduced as a physical method that separates analytes distributed between two phases, one stationary and one mobile. Key terms like mobile phase, stationary phase, and supporting medium are defined. Different types of chromatography are classified based on the physical means of separation, type of mobile/stationary phases, and type of interaction between analyte and stationary phase. Important chromatography concepts like elution, resolution, migration rates, distribution constants, and theoretical plates are also introduced.
Classical analytical methods involve separating sample components through precipitation, extraction, or distillation and then qualitatively analyzing the separated components using color, odor, solubility, or other physical properties. Quantitative analysis in classical methods involves gravimetric or volumetric techniques. Instrumental methods exploit other phenomena like conductivity, light absorption, and mass spectrometry for separation and quantification and have largely replaced classical techniques due to greater efficiency and precision. Instrumental methods are based on physical and chemical properties like conductivity, light absorption, and mass that have been used analytically for over a century.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. ❑Introduction
▪Amines
➢ are organic derivatives of ammonia
➢ contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons
✓Most of the chemistry of amines depends on the presence of this lone pair of
electrons.
✓Which is making amines both basic and nucleophilic.
• Amines can be either
✓Alkyl-substituted (Alkylamines) or
✓Aryl-substituted (Arylamines)
• Depending on the number of organic substituents attached to nitrogen, amines are
classified as
• Primary (RNH2) amine,
• Secondary (R2NH) amine, or
• Tertiary (R3N) amine
• Compounds containing a nitrogen atom with four attached groups also exist, but the
nitrogen must carry a formal positive charge, such compounds are called quaternary
ammonium salts..
2
N R
R
R
R X
A quaternary ammonium salt
3. ❑ Naming Amines
• For simple primary amines
➢By adding the suffix –amine to the name of alkyl substituent.
E.g.
➢By using the suffix –amine in place of the final –e in the name of the parent
compound.
E.g.
• For primary amines with more than one functional group
➢By considering the –NH2 as an amino substituent on the parent molecule.
E.g.
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4. .
• For symmetrically substituted secondary and tertiary amines,
➢By adding the prefix di- or tri- to the alkyl group.
E.g.
• For unsymmetrically substituted secondary and tertiary amines,
➢Named as N-substituted primary amines
✓ the largest alkyl group is chosen as the parent name
✓ the other alkyl groups are N-substituents on the parent (N because they’re
attached to nitrogen)
E.g.
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5. • For heterocyclic amines
- Each different heterocyclic ring system has its own parent name.
- The heterocyclic nitrogen is always numbered as position 1.
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6. ❑ Properties of Amines
• Alkylamines has tetrahedral geometry
➢The nitrogen atom is SP3-hybridized.
➢The three substituents occupying three corners of a tetrahedron.
➢The lone pair of electrons occupying the fourth corner.
➢The C-N-C bond angles are close to the 109º.
Note: The bonding in alkylamines is similar to the bondong in ammonia.
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7. • Amines with three different substituents on nitrogen is chiral
• Unlike chiral carbon compounds, chiral amines can’t usually be resolved.
✓ because the two enantiomeric forms rapidly interconvert by a pyramidal
inversion.
• Amines with fewer than five carbon atoms are generally water-soluble.
• Amines have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar MWt.
✓ because of their ability to form hydrogen bonds.
• Low MWt. amines have a distinctive fish-like aroma (odor).
9. ❑ Basicity of Amines
• The chemistry of amines is dominated by the
➢ lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
✓ which makes amines both basic and nucleophilic.
• Amines react with acids to form acid-base salts.
• Amines react with electrophiles in many of the polar reaction
• Amines are much stronger bases than alcohols and ethers.
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10. ➢When an amine is dissolved in water, an equilibrium is established in which water acts as an acid and transfers
a proton to the amine.
11. .
• Arylamines are generally less basic than alkylamines.
✓ because the nitrogen lone-pair electrons are delocalized by interaction with the
aromatic ring π electron system and are less available for bonding to H+.
Note
• In resonance terms, arylamines are stabilized relative to alkylamines,
✓ because of their five resonance forms.
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12. .
▪ Amides (RCONH2)
• Amides
➢ are non basic.
➢ don’t undergo substantial protonation by aqueous acids.
➢ are poor nucleophiles.
• The main reason for this difference in basicity between amines and amides is that
➢Amide is stabilized by delocalization of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons through orbital overlap
with the carbonyl group.
➢In resonance terms, amides are more stable and less reactive than amines.
✓ because they are hybrid of the two resonance forms.
• The amide resonance stabilization is lost when the nitrogen atom is protonated, so
protonation is disfavored.
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14. ❑ Acidity of Amines
▪Primary and secondary amines
➢In addition to their behavior as bases, they can also act as very weak acids.
✓Because an N-H proton can be removed by a sufficiently strong base.
For example,
• Diisopropylamine reacts with butyllithium to yield lithium diisopropylamide (LDA).
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15. ❑ Preparation of Amines
➢The simplest method of alkylamine synthesis is
✓By SN2 alkylation of ammonia or alkylamine with an alkyl halide.
➢Ammonia and other amines are good nucleophiles in SN2 reactions
• SN2 alkylation of ammonia with an alkyl halide results a primary amine.
• SN2 alkylation of primary alkylamine with an alkyl halide results a secondary
amine.
• SN2 alkylation of secondary alkylamine with an alkyl halide results a tertiary
amine.
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16. ❑ Reactions of Amines
▪Alkylation and Acylation
➢1º, 2º, and 3º amines can be alkylated by reaction with a primary alkyl halide.
➢Alkylation of 1º and 2º amines are difficult to control and often give a mixture
of products.
➢3º amines are clearly alkylated to give quaternary ammonium salts.
.
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17. .
• 1º and 2º (but not 3º) amines can also be acylated by
➢Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction with an acid chloride or an acid anhydride to
yield an amide.
Note
• Overacylation of the nitrogen does not occur
✓ because the amide product is much less nucliophilic and less reactive than the
starting amine.
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18. ▪ Diazotization Reactions
➢Primary arylamines react with nitrous acid (HNO2) to yield stable arenediazonium salts (Ar-
N+≡NX¯), a process is called diazotization reaction.
Note
• Alkylamines also react with nitrous acid, but the alkanediazonium products are so reactive
they can’t be isolated. Instead, they loss nitrogen instantly to yield carbocations.
• The analogous loss of N2 from arenediazonium ion to yield an arylcation is disfavored by the
instability of the cation.
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19. ▪ Sandmeyer Reaction
➢It is a reaction of an arenediazonium salt with the corresponding copper(I) halide (CuX).
➢Is a process used to prepare aryl chloride and bromides.
➢Aryl iodides can be prepared by direct reaction with NaI without using a copper(I) salt.
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20. • Mechanistically, these diazonio replacement reactions occur through radical rather than polar
pathways.
In the presence of copper (I) cpd, the arenediazonium ion is first converted to an aryl radical plus
copper (II), followed by subsequent reaction to give product plus regenerated copper (I) catalyst.
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21. • Similar treatment of arenediazonium salt with CuCN yields the nitrile (ArCN), which can then be
further converted into other functional groups such as carboxyl.
For example,
Sandmeyer reaction of o-methylbenzenediazonium bisulfate with CuCN yields o-methylbenzonitrile,
which can be hydrolyzed to give o-methylbenzoic acid.
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22. ▪ Reduction of Diazonium Salt to Arene
➢Occurs on treatment with hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2).
➢This reaction is used primarily
✓ when there is a need for temporarily introducing an amino substituent on to a ring to take
advantage of its directing effect.
For example,
• To make 3,5-dibromotolune from p-methylaniline.
✓The product can’t be made by direct bromination of tolune because reaction would occur
at position 2 and 4.
✓However, dibromination occurs ortho to the strongly directing amino substituent, and
diazotization followed by treatment with H3PO2 yields the desired product.
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24. ▪ Diazonium Coupling Reactions
➢Arenediazonium salts undergo a coupling reaction with activated aromatic
rings such as phenol and arylamines to yield azo compounds (Ar-N=N-Ar´).
➢ are typically electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which
✓ the positively charged diazonium ion is the electrophile that reacts with the
electron-rich ring of a phenol or arylamine.
➢ usually occurs at the para position,
• But ortho reaction can take place if the para position is blocked.
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26. ▪ Hofmann Elimination
• Like alcohols, amines can be converted into alkenes by an elimination reaction.
➢ For this reaction, an amide ion (NH2¯) must first be converted into a better leaving group.
• In the Hofmann elimination reaction,
➢ an amine is methylated by reaction with excess iodomethane to produce a quaternary ammonium
salt, which then undergoes elimination to give an alkene on heating with a base (typically silver
oxide (Ag2O)).
➢The actual elimination step is an E2 reaction,
✓ in which hydroxide ion removes a proton at the same time the positively charged nitrogen atom
leaves.
• Silver oxide acts by exchanging hydroxide ion for iodide ion in the quaternary salt,
➢Thus, providing the base necessary to cause elimination.
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28. .
• An interesting feature of the Hofmann elimination is that
➢It gives products different from those of most other E2 reactions.
✓i.e. The more highly substituted alkene product generally predominates in the E2 reaction
of alkyl halide (Zaitsev’s rule). However, in the Hofmann elimination the less highly
substituted alkene predominates.
• The reason for this selectivity is probably steric.
✓ because of the large size of the trialkylamine leaving group, the base must
abstract a hydrogen from the most sterically accessible, least hindered position.
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