THIS PRESENTATION CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF FUSED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND CONTAINING ONE HETERO ATOM - QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE AND INDOLE
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point
THIS PRESENTATION CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF FUSED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND CONTAINING ONE HETERO ATOM - QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE AND INDOLE
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point
What is a Heterocyclic Compound?
A heterocyclic compound has at least two different elements as a member of its ring.
The most common hetero atoms found on a cyclic ring are Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S).
Example:
Nucleic Acid that is present in the body responsible for storing and expressing genetic information, is an example of a Heterocyclic compound.
Essential micronutrient, Vitamins is also an example of a heterocyclic compound.
The majority of drugs, pesticides, dyes, and plastics are examples of heterocyclic compounds.
Classification of Heterocyclic Compounds
Based on the electronic arrangement, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into two types:
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are those cyclic heterocycles that do not contain any double bond.
The properties of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are mainly affected due to ring strain.
Examples of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are Aziridine, Ethylene Oxide, Thiirane, Oxetane, Azetidine, Thietane, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dioxane, Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, etc.
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compound
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, as the name suggests, are cyclic aromatic compounds.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds obey Huckels Rule, i.e.
It should be cyclic.
It should be planar.
It should not contain any sp3 hybridised atoms.
It must have (4n+2) 𝛑 electrons.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds are analogous to Benzene.
Examples: Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Indole, Benzofuran, Carbazole, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Imidazole, Oxazole, Pyrazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine, Purine, etc.
Based on structure, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into five types:
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Four-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Condensed or Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
These heterocyclic compounds contain three atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated.
Based on the number of heteroatoms present, we can further classify them into two categories:
Here's a sample self-introduction for a pageant that incorporates a saying:
Begin with a warm greeting and introduce yourself by name and hometown.
Example: "Good evening everyone! My name is [Your Name], and I'm proudly representing [Your Hometown]."
Share a personal anecdote or experience that reflects your personality and interests.
Example: "I've always been someone who believes in the power of community. As Maya Angelou said, 'We are all a little weird and life's a little weird. And when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall in mutual weirdness and call it love.' That's how I approach life – finding ways to connect and create positive change alongside others."
Connect your anecdote or experience to the pageant's platform or your advocacy.
Example: "This passion for community building is what led me to [Your Advocacy/Platform]. I believe that [Your Belief about the Advocacy/Platform], and I'm excited to use this platform to..."
End by confidently stating your aspiration.
Example: ".I'm honored to be here tonight, and I aspire to be a role model who empowers others to embrace their weirdness and create positive change in the world."
Remember to practice your introduction beforehand to ensure a smooth and confident delivery.
* https://www.lobels.com/
* https://thedickinsonian.com/life-style/2015/12/03/a-peek-inside-dickinsons-sororities-kappa-alpha-theta/
Thank you for this incredible opportunity.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
What is a Heterocyclic Compound?
A heterocyclic compound has at least two different elements as a member of its ring.
The most common hetero atoms found on a cyclic ring are Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S).
Example:
Nucleic Acid that is present in the body responsible for storing and expressing genetic information, is an example of a Heterocyclic compound.
Essential micronutrient, Vitamins is also an example of a heterocyclic compound.
The majority of drugs, pesticides, dyes, and plastics are examples of heterocyclic compounds.
Classification of Heterocyclic Compounds
Based on the electronic arrangement, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into two types:
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic Heterocyclic Compounds
Aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are those cyclic heterocycles that do not contain any double bond.
The properties of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are mainly affected due to ring strain.
Examples of aliphatic heterocyclic compounds are Aziridine, Ethylene Oxide, Thiirane, Oxetane, Azetidine, Thietane, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dioxane, Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, etc.
Aromatic Heterocyclic Compound
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, as the name suggests, are cyclic aromatic compounds.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds obey Huckels Rule, i.e.
It should be cyclic.
It should be planar.
It should not contain any sp3 hybridised atoms.
It must have (4n+2) 𝛑 electrons.
Aromatic Heterocyclic compounds are analogous to Benzene.
Examples: Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Indole, Benzofuran, Carbazole, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Imidazole, Oxazole, Pyrazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine, Purine, etc.
Based on structure, we can classify Heterocyclic compounds into five types:
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Four-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Condensed or Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
These heterocyclic compounds contain three atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated.
Based on the number of heteroatoms present, we can further classify them into two categories:
Here's a sample self-introduction for a pageant that incorporates a saying:
Begin with a warm greeting and introduce yourself by name and hometown.
Example: "Good evening everyone! My name is [Your Name], and I'm proudly representing [Your Hometown]."
Share a personal anecdote or experience that reflects your personality and interests.
Example: "I've always been someone who believes in the power of community. As Maya Angelou said, 'We are all a little weird and life's a little weird. And when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall in mutual weirdness and call it love.' That's how I approach life – finding ways to connect and create positive change alongside others."
Connect your anecdote or experience to the pageant's platform or your advocacy.
Example: "This passion for community building is what led me to [Your Advocacy/Platform]. I believe that [Your Belief about the Advocacy/Platform], and I'm excited to use this platform to..."
End by confidently stating your aspiration.
Example: ".I'm honored to be here tonight, and I aspire to be a role model who empowers others to embrace their weirdness and create positive change in the world."
Remember to practice your introduction beforehand to ensure a smooth and confident delivery.
* https://www.lobels.com/
* https://thedickinsonian.com/life-style/2015/12/03/a-peek-inside-dickinsons-sororities-kappa-alpha-theta/
Thank you for this incredible opportunity.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. QUINOLINE
Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic
compound in which benzene ring is fused to a
pyridine ring at alpha and beta position .
Hence quinoline is also known as α, β
Benzopyridine.
It has been named, so because it was obtained from
distillation of anti-malarial drug quinine with alkyl.
4. STRUCTURE
Quinoline contains 9 carbons and 1 nitrogen
atom which undergoes SP2 hybridization .
Overlap of these SP2 hybridized orbitals with
each other and with S-orbital of hydrogen atom
results in the formation of C-C , C- N , C-H σ bonds .
In addition the unhybridized P-orbitals of each C and N
atom overlap to form π bonds .
5. The π molecular orbital of quinoline
contains 10 electrons. Thus it satisfies
Huckle’s rule 4n+2 , n=2 , and therefore
exhibits aromaticity like pyridine .
The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
atom are not involved in the
delocalization of π orbital .
8. METHODS OF PREPERATION
SKRAUB SYNTHESIS :
Heating Aniline and glycerol in the presence of H2SO4 and mild
oxidising agent like nitrobenzene yield quinoline
10. MECHANISM OF ACTION
B) 1,4 Addition of aniline to acrolein gives β- phenyl amino propionaldehyde .
11. MECHANISM OF ACTION
C) The carbonyl carbon of this aldehyde is deffficient in electron . Hence it
act as a electrophile and attack the benzene ring to form 1,2- dihydro
quinoline by inducing ring closure .
12. MECHANISM OF ACTION
D) Oxidation of 1,2 dihydroquinoline with nitrobenzene gives quinoline .
13. METHODS OF PREPERATION
FRIED – LAMDER SYNTHESIS :
When ortho amino benzaldehyde is condensed with acetaldehyde
in the presence of alkali it gives quinoline .
14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
It is a colourless liquid .
Boiling point is 237°C .
It has pyridine like odour and turns yellow on
standing .
Soluble in water upto 0.7% at room temperature and
soluble in most of the organic solvents .
15. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
BASICITY :
1. It is a weak base with Pka = 4.94 . Its basicity is relatively
less than pyridine Pka = 5.2 .
2. It can be readily protonated and the N-H bond can be
formed because the lone pair of electron in nitrogen are not
involved in the delocalization of π molecular orbitals.
When it is treated with one mole of alkyl halides or acids,
quinoline forms water soluble quaternary salts similar to pyridine
salts .
16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION :
Quinoline undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction only under
extreme conditions which usually occur at carbon-8 position along
with the formation of small amount of 5-substituted product. Such
vigorous conditions are like that because the N-atom present in the
pyridine ring deactivates the ring for electrophilic substitution
reaction.
1. NITRATION
2. SULPHONATION
17. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1.NITRATION :
Quinoline treated with fumic HNO3 in the presence of H2SO4 gives a mixture of
5-Nitro and 8-Nitro quinoline .
18. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2. SULPHONATION :
Quinoline treated with fumic H2SO4 at 200°C gives a mixture of Quinoline 5-
sulphonic acid and Quinoline 8-sulphonic acid.
19. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION :
Nucleophilic substitution reaction similar to pyridine .
Quinoline undergoes Nucleophilic substitution reaction at C-2 (or)
C-4(if C-2 is blocked) but not at C-3 . This can be explained on the
basis of stabilities of the intermediate obtained when a nucleophile
attack at C-2 , C-3 , C-4 positions respectively . N-atom due to its
electronegativity withdraw the electrons which makes C-2 & C-4
positions electron deficient . These positions are more favourable
for nucleophilic attacK than C-3
23. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
REACTION WITH SODAMIDE ( CHICHIBABIN REACTION ) :
Quinoline on treatment with soda amide in liquid
ammonia undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction at C-
2 and gives 2-amino quinoline. However 2 methyl quinoline
under same condition undergoes nucleophilic substitution
reaction at C-4 and less C-2 is blocked and gives 2-methyl
4-amino quinidine .
27. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OXIDATION :
A) Quinoline is resistant towards oxidizing agent but in
the presence of vigourous oxidizing condition and
potassium permanganate it gives pyridine 2,3
dicarboxylicacid (quionolinic acid). When this quinolinic
acid is decarboxylated it yields pyridine. This reaction
helps to indicate that quinoline contains a pyridine ring .
32. REDUCTION
B) Quinoline is reduced to decahydro quinoline when treated with hydrogen in
the presence of platinum .
33. Uses
As a high boiling basic solvent which is used to synthesis of
organic compounds .
In the synthesis of drugs.
In the preparation of insecticides .
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals .
EXAMPLES OF DRUGS CONTAINING QUINOLINE AS A BASIC RING :
1.chloroquine – Antimalarial drug
2. Iodoquinol – Diagnostic agent