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Introduction
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Lecture notes and diagrams to help high school anatomy and physiology students learn the general functions of the nervous system and types of glial support nerve cells, types of neurons and anatomy of typical neurons.
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Introduction
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Lecture notes and diagrams to help high school anatomy and physiology students learn the general functions of the nervous system and types of glial support nerve cells, types of neurons and anatomy of typical neurons.
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Introduction to the nervous system and nerve tissue[1]
1. Introduction to the Nervous System and Nerve Tissue
Three Basic Functions
1. Sensory Functions: Sensory receptors detect both internal
and external stimuli.
Functional unit: Sensory or Afferent Neurons
2. Integrative Functions: CNS integrates sensory input and
makes decisions regarding appropriate responses
Functional Unit: Interneurons or Association
Neurons of the Brain and Spinal cord
3. Motor Functions: Response to integration decisions.
Functional Unit: Motor or Efferent Neurons
8. Introduction to the Nervous System and Nerve Tissue
Structure of a Neuron
Dendrites: Carry nerve
impulses toward cell body.
Receive stimuli from synapses
or sensory receptors.
Cell Body: Contains nucleus
and nissl bodies, a form of
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Axon: Carry nerve Impulses
away from the cell bodies.
Axons interact with muscle,
glands, or other neurons.
13. Schwann cells--are the
supporting cells of the
PNS. Schwann cells
wrap themselves
around nerve axons, a
single Schwann cell
makes up a single segment
of an axon's myelin sheath.
Introduction to the Nervous System and Nerve
Tissue
19. Nervous System Physiology:
Communication between neurons
at a synaptic junction
1. Electrical Synapses: Communication via gap junctions
between smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
some neurons of the CNS. Provide fast,
synchronized, and two-way transmission of
information.
2. Chemical Synapses: Communication via chemical
neurotransmitters that diffuse across a
synaptic
cleft. Provides slow one-way information flow
20. Nervous System Physiology:
Communication between neurons
at a synaptic junction
Action potential arrives at
a synaptic end bulb.
Depolarization of membrane
causes the opening of Ca2+
channels.
Increase in (Ca2+) inside of
presynaptic neuron triggers
exocytosis of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter diffuses across
synaptic cleft and binds to
receptor (ligand-gated channel)
on postsynaptic neuron
21. Nervous System Physiology:
Communication between neurons
at a synaptic junction
5. Na+ channels open causing a
depolarization (Na+ channels)
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic
potential) or a
hyperpolarization (Cl-
channels) IPSP (inhibitory post-
synaptic potential) of the
postsynaptic neuron.
6. If depolarization reaches a
threshold, an action potential is
generated on the postsynaptic
neuron.
23. Nervous System Physiology:
Communication between neurons
at a synaptic junction
Neurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine: Found in the
PNS and CNS. EPSP and in
parasympathetic neurons IPSP.
2. Amino Acids: Glutamate and
Aspartate produce EPSP’s in the
CNS. Gamma Aminobutyric
Acid (GABA) produces IPSP’s
in the CNS. Valium enhances the
action of GABA.
24. Nervous System Physiology:
Communication between neurons at a synaptic
junction
Neurotransmitters
3. Biogenic Amines:
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
produce EPSP’s in the
sympathetic system. Serotonin
controls mood and induction of
sleep.
4. Gases: Nitric Oxide produce by
the enzyme nitric oxide synthase.
Causes vasodilation and
erection.
