Thekidney
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the kidney and nephron. It describes how the kidney filters blood in the glomerulus, reabsorbs necessary water and nutrients in the nephron tubules, and excretes waste like urea in urine. The nephron uses selective permeability and the loop of Henle to regulate water absorption depending on the salt concentration, maintaining osmotic balance. The proximal tubules reabsorb the majority of filtered water, as well as glucose, amino acids, and regulate pH and salt levels, while urea is left behind to be excreted in urine.
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1. The nephron filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs necessary nutrients and water along the renal tubule, while secreting waste to produce urine.
2. Filtration occurs as blood is forced through the glomerulus, removing waste and producing filtrate.
3. Reabsorption and secretion processes along the renal tubule modify filtrate by returning needed substances to blood and adding waste to produce concentrated urine.
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2. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus, a capillary network, and Bowman's capsule, which encloses the glomerulus. The renal tubule consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
3. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion as fluid passes through the nephron. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convol
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The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
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# a breif detail about the anatomical and physiological of kidney.
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The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. There are approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney, each with vascular and tubular components. The vascular component includes a glomerulus of capillaries that filters blood. The tubular component is made up of a Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Together, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion in the nephron produce urine from the blood through complex transport processes along the nephron tubule.
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1. The nephron filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs necessary nutrients and water along the renal tubule, while secreting waste to produce urine.
2. Filtration occurs as blood is forced through the glomerulus, removing waste and producing filtrate.
3. Reabsorption and secretion processes along the renal tubule modify filtrate by returning needed substances to blood and adding waste to produce concentrated urine.
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The kidney has several important functions including regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and blood pH. The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct) for reabsorption and secretion. Filtration occurs due to blood pressure gradients, with most filtrate reabsorbed along the nephron. The kidneys also produce hormones like renin, prostaglandins, and erythropoietin to help regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, and other processes.
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
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The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
artificial kidney
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Artificial kidneys, or dialysis machines, can perform some kidney functions for patients with kidney failure.
urinary ppt. TEACHER
The document is a chapter about the urinary system from a medical textbook. It discusses the goals of understanding the anatomy and functions of the urinary system, identifying pathological conditions, and interpreting urinalysis tests. It describes the locations and roles of the kidneys and other urinary organs. It also explains how the kidneys filter blood to produce urine and outlines some clinical procedures related to the urinary system like dialysis and kidney biopsies.
8-Urine concentration and dilution.ppt
The document discusses the urine concentration mechanism. It describes how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier system to concentrate urine using countercurrent exchange. As fluid passes through the loop of Henle and collecting duct, the countercurrent multiplier system and presence of ADH work to either concentrate or dilute urine by modifying the osmolarity of tubular fluid and medullary interstitial fluid. Factors like ADH levels, loop of Henle length, and blood flow can impact urine concentration. The document also differentiates between water and osmotic diuresis.
16 Renal System
The document discusses the renal (urinary) system and how it transports nitrogenous waste out of animals. The kidney filters blood and removes waste, which drains into the bladder via the ureters. The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney, containing a glomerulus and tubules that allow filtration, reabsorption, and production of urine. Different species excrete different forms of nitrogenous waste at varying concentrations depending on whether they live in freshwater, saltwater, or on land.
Chapter024
The document summarizes key concepts about kidney structure and function:
- The kidneys filter blood and remove wastes, helping to regulate blood pressure, composition, and red blood cell levels. Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes.
- Filtration occurs in the glomerulus where fluid filters across the basement membrane between podocyte cells lining the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule.
- Various hormones like ADH and BNP impact water and electrolyte reabsorption and urine concentration to help regulate fluid balance and blood pressure. Kidney failure leads to buildup of wastes and complications like anemia.
Nutritional management of kidney disorders .pptx
The kidneys are paired organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units that filter the blood. The nephron consists of a Bowman's capsule containing a glomerulus, and tubules including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance, excrete wastes, regulate blood pressure and volume, and produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol. Acute kidney injury occurs when kidney function is suddenly impaired, and can be caused by decreased blood flow, direct damage to kidney tissues, or urinary tract obstruction.
Lec44
The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
Chap 19 aice excretion
The document discusses homeostasis and osmoregulation in animals. It explains that animals must maintain fairly narrow concentrations of water and solutes. It then describes different mechanisms that aquatic, desert, and marine animals use for osmoregulation. These include adaptations for water uptake, conservation of solutes, and regulation of water and solute balance between internal fluids and the external environment. The document also discusses the roles of the kidneys, nephrons, and associated structures in vertebrate osmoregulation and excretion.
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
11.3 the kidney
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
7 excretory system
The kidneys and urinary system work to remove waste from the body through urine. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons that filter blood to produce urine. Glomerular filtration removes wastes and excess molecules from the bloodstream. Most of the filtered water and useful molecules are reabsorbed, while wastes like urea remain. Tubular secretion further regulates ions. The resulting urine is transported through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through urination. The kidneys play a vital role in homeostasis by precisely regulating waste removal and maintaining the body's internal balance.
excretorysystem-130619031624-phpapp01 (1).pptx
The human excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine through nephrons, which contain a glomerulus that filters blood and a tubule that reabsorbs nutrients. Urine travels from the nephrons to the ureters then to the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. The kidneys and nephrons work together to maintain water balance and remove toxins from the blood through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Cape biology unit 2-_the_kidney_and_osmoregulation
The kidneys remove waste from the blood to form urine. They have an extensive blood supply so waste does not build up. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons that filter blood to form urine in 5 steps: ultrafiltration, reabsorption, concentration in the loop of Henle, secretion in the distal tubule, and further concentration in the collecting duct. Hormones like ADH regulate water concentration to form either dilute or concentrated urine for excretion.
Ch 18 Urinary System
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. Each kidney contains nephrons, the functional filtering units, composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances, and tubular secretion of wastes. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored and then expelled through the urethra.
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Thekidney
- 1. THE KIDNEY Organ of osmoregulation and excretion © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 2. The urinary system Kidney Ureter Aorta Renal vein Bladder Renal artery Vena cava Urethra © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 3. The Kidney Pelvis Ureter Medulla organised in pyramids Cortex Outer membrane Renal Vein Renal artery Urine Nephrons (2 million) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 4. The blood supply © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 5. The cortex (view x100) Tubule Malpighian or renal corpuscles © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 6. The Malpighian corpuscle (view x400) Glomerulus – a ball of capillaries Bowman’s capsule © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 7. Medulla (view x400) Tubules Capillaries © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 8. The nephron In the cortex In the medulla © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 9. The nephron Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Capillary Loop of Henlé Collecting duct Distil convoluted tubule Branch of renal vein Branch of renal artery © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 10. Filtration in the glomerulus Blood enters the glomerulus from a branch of the renal artery This blood is under high pressure The capillary walls are one cell thick They are pierced with openings (fenestrations) The plasma filters though the membrane under pressure Proteins do not pass Southern Illinois School of Medicine © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 11. Filtration in the glomerulus A membrane surrounds each capillary of the glomerulus The blood plasma is filtered at about 150 litres per day Southern Illinois School of Medicine © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 12. Filtration in the glomerulus The filtration membrane is held in place by specialised podocytes Auer Lab Life Sci Div Lawrence Berkley National Lab Southern Illinois School of Medicine © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 13. Blood plasma v Filtrate Component Plasma / mg 100cm-3 Filtrate / mg 100cm-3 Urea 0.03 0.03 Glucose 0.10 0.10 Amino acids 0.05 0.05 Salts 0.72 0.72 Proteins 8.00 0 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 14. The nephron functions Variable permeability to water Impermeable to water Freely permeable to water © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 15. The nephron osmoregulation Variable permeability to water Impermeable to water Freely permeable to water Na+ Na+ Na+ Active reabsorption H2O H2O Passive osmosis 80% of water reabsorbed Ultrafiltration under pressure © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 16. Variable permeability to water Impermeable to water Freely permeable to water The nephron osmoregulation Moreandmoresalty H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O Collectingduct Loop of Henlé H2O H2O Na+ Na+ Na+ © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 17. The nephron osmoregulation The blood concentration is monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus If the concentration rises the hypothalamus releases ADH ADH makes the collecting duct walls more permeable More water is reabsorbed from the filtrate as the ducts pass through the salty tissues of the medulla © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 18. The nephron osmoregulation The urine released into the pelvis is more or less concentrated depending upon the blood concentration Excessive sweating and eating salty food will produce concentrated urine Drinking and cold weather will produce dilute urine © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 19. Kidney reabsorption Component Filtrate / mg 100cm-3 Urine / mg 100cm-3 Urea 0.03 2.00 Glucose 0.10 0 Amino acids 0.05 0 Salts 0.72 1.50 Proteins 0 0 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 20. Reabsorption Microvilli on cuboidal epithelial cells Kidney tubule with brush border Dr Millet USC Med schooll © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 21. The proximal tubules reabsorb: 80% of water All of the glucose All of the amino acids Blood pH is regulated Blood salt levels are regulated Urea is left behind and even secreted into the tubules Reabsorbed molecules pass into the surrounding capillaries © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS