The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.

1. Protein Synthesis
Alexis VITE

2. Nucleus
cytoplasm

3. Nucleus

4. T
C
A
G
C
A
C
A
G
T
C
A
G
T
T
G
T
T
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
C
T
G
Protein Synthesis

5. TRANSCRIPTION
The process by which genetic information is copied
from DNA to mRNA.
Occurs in the nucleus

6. RNA
Polymerase
Amino acid
Ribosome
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus

7. A
T
A
T
G
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
.

8. C
A
T
A
T
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
G
A
.

9. A
C
A
T
A
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
T
G
G
.

10. G
A
C
A
T
A
T
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
C
T
G
G
.

11. G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
A
.

12. A
G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
T
C
C
T
G
G
.

13. G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
A
G
A
C
T
C
T
C
C
T
G
T
.

14. T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
A
C
T
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
C
.

15. C
T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
C
T
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
A
A
.

16. A
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
C
T
G
A
A
C
T
T
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
G
.

17. G
A
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
T
T
G
A
C
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
A
A
.

18. A
G
A
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
A
T
G
A
T
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
C
.

19. C
A
G
A
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
T
T
.
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
G
A

20. DNA unzips RNA polymerase binds to DNA

21. u
T
G
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
A
T

22. A
u
T
G
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
A
T

23. T
G
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
C
A
T
u

24. T
G
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
C
A
T
u

25. T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
A
A
C
A
T
u

26. T
G
A
C
T
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

27. u
u
C
C
T
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
T
A
u
u
A
T
u
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

28. u
u
C
C
T
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
T
A
u
u
A
T
u
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

29. T
u
u
u
u
T
C
C
T
C
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

30. T
A
G
G
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

31. T
u
u
u
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

32. T
u
u
u
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

33. T
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
Tu
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

34. T
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
A
G
T
C
T
G
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
T
C
A
G
A
C
T

35. T
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
C
T
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
uT
G
A
C
T

36. T
A
u
u
u
u
C
u
u
u
C
T
C
C
T
C
T
G
T
C
T
G
A
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
u
A
u
A
T
u
G
A
C
T

37. T
G
C
G
G
A
A
U
A
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
C
C
T
G
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
C
A
A
A
T
U
A
C
T

38. T
C
G
C
G
G
A
A
U
A
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
C
T
C
G
A
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
C
A
A
A
T
U
C
T

39. T
U
C
G
C
G
G
A
A
U
A
G
A
C
T
C
C
T
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
G
C
C
A
A
A
T
U
T

40. T
U
C
G
C
G
G
A
A
U
A
G
C
T
C
C
T
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
C
C
A
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

41. T
U
A
A
U
A
C
G
C
G
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

42. T
U
A
A
U
A
C
G
C
G
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

43. A
A
U
A
A
U
A
C
G
C
G
G
T
C
C
C
A
G
G
G
C
C
G
T
A
A
T
A
T
U
C
C
T
A
G
G
A
T
C
T
G
T
A
A
G

44. A
A
U
A
A
U
C
G
C
G
A
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
G
C
C
G
T
A
A
T
A
T
U
T

45. G
C
A
C
A
U
A
A
U
G
A
C
G
C
G
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
T
A
A
T
A
T
U
T

46. T
U
A
A
U
G
A
C
G
C
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

47. T
U
A
A
C
U
G
A
G
C
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

48. T
U
A
A
C
U
G
A
G
C
G
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

49. T
U
A
G
A
C
U
G
A
G
C
C
T
C
C
C
G
T
C
A
C
A
G
T
G
T
A
A
G
A
G
G
A
A
G
C
C
T
G
A
A
A
T
U
T

50. DNA
U
C
A
G
A
A
G
U
G
A
G
C
U
A
C
A
C
T
A
mRNA T
G
C
G
T
C
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
G
G
T
C
A
G
G
T
A
A
C
T
DNA
Ribosome

51. Complementary base connect between DNA and RNA
with help of RNA polymerase.

52. U
A
C
G
C
A
U
G
A
A
C
A
G
G
U
C
T
G
A
A
C
T
G
A
G
G
A
T
A
C
Pore
DNA

53. U
C
A
G
A
C
U
G
A
G
G
A
C
A
U
Pore

54. RNA polymerases releases both of the DNA molecule
and the newly formed mRNA molecule leaves the
nucleus.

55. TRANSLATION
Process that translates mRNA code into a protein
made from amino acid.
Occurs at ribosomes

56. A
T
C
C
C
A
G
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
G
A
G
T
C
A
G
A
C
T
A
T
G
T
A
C
Ribosome
Amino acid
MRN
A
A U G G G C A G U GU C U A A
Nucleus

57. mRNA and tRNA travel to the ribosome

58. Nuclear
Membrane
Amino Acid
Ribosome
RNA
mRNA
TRNA
A U
Cytoplasm
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

59. Start codon (AUG) is the 1st codon on the mRNA that
pairs up with the anti codon on the tRNA

60. Nuclear
Membrane
tRNA
Ribosome
RNA
mRNA
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

61. tRNA attaches to the amino acids and carries it to the
mRNA .

62. Peptide bind
Nuclear
Membrane
Ribosome
RNA
mRNA
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

63. Peptide bond
Nuclear
Membrane
Ribosome
RNA
mRNA
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

64. Amino acids link up by peptide bonds.

65. Peptide bond
Nuclear
Membrane
Ribosome
RNA
U AC
mRNA
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

66. Peptide bond
Nuclear
Membrane
U C A
A
U
G
mRNA
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

67. Peptide bond
Nuclear
Membrane
mRNA
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
G U
C
U A
A

68. Peptide bond
Nuclear
Membrane
C AG
A
U
G
G
G
C
A
G U
mRNA
G U
C
U A
A

69. G
U
C
U
A A

70. Proteins form when many amino acids are linked
together the tRNA releases