Cytoplasmic surveillance and RNA degredation
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This document summarizes different cytoplasmic mRNA surveillance systems that ensure mRNA fidelity: 1) Nonsense-mediated decay degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons to prevent defective proteins from being synthesized. 2) Nonstop decay degrades mRNAs lacking termination codons to prevent polylysine tails from stalling ribosomes. 3) No-go decay degrades mRNAs when ribosomes stall due to secondary structures, ensuring only full-length proteins are produced.
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
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The team designed and constructed an artificial organelle in E. coli by expressing magnetosome genes from Magnetospirillum magneticum. They detected compartments using a MamC-GFP fusion protein and successfully reconstructed the magnetosome membrane in a prokaryote. The team also designed an "RNA guardian" device to stabilize mRNA and prevent degradation. Modeling predicted the RNA guardian would increase mRNA stability. Going forward, the team aims to use TEM to image the organelles and characterize their catalytic functions to develop intracellular bioreactors.
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Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
GENETIC CODE
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Gentic code
The genetic code is a set of rules that translates DNA and RNA sequences into proteins. It was discovered that the genetic code uses three-letter "codons" to specify the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Experiments in 1961 showed that poly-uracil RNA sequences coded for phenylalanine, poly-adenine for lysine, and poly-cytosine for proline. The genetic code is universal across all life with some minor variations, has start and stop codons, and its degeneracy makes it fault-tolerant against mutations.
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is deciphered through research that matched codons (three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA) to their corresponding amino acids. It was discovered that 61 codons code for specific amino acids while 3 are stop codons.
2. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain via the ribosome.
3. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, directed by the mRNA template, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to codon-anticodon base pairing. The amino acids are linked together through the joining of peptide bonds.
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alexis vite flip book
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
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Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
GENETIC CODE
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Gentic code
The genetic code is a set of rules that translates DNA and RNA sequences into proteins. It was discovered that the genetic code uses three-letter "codons" to specify the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Experiments in 1961 showed that poly-uracil RNA sequences coded for phenylalanine, poly-adenine for lysine, and poly-cytosine for proline. The genetic code is universal across all life with some minor variations, has start and stop codons, and its degeneracy makes it fault-tolerant against mutations.
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is deciphered through research that matched codons (three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA) to their corresponding amino acids. It was discovered that 61 codons code for specific amino acids while 3 are stop codons.
2. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain via the ribosome.
3. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, directed by the mRNA template, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to codon-anticodon base pairing. The amino acids are linked together through the joining of peptide bonds.
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This document summarizes key aspects of genetic code and translation. It notes that the genetic code consists of 3 nucleotide codons that specify amino acids. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids, so the code is degenerate with multiple codons encoding the same amino acid. It discusses features like nearly universal code, lack of pauses, and the wobble hypothesis to explain third position degeneracy. Examples are given of codon tables and how changes can cause mutations.
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The genetic code is universal and specifies how nucleotides in DNA and mRNA are translated to amino acids in proteins. It uses 64 codons consisting of 3 nucleotides each to encode the 20 standard amino acids. The code is degenerate, with most amino acids specified by multiple codons. It also has start and stop codons to initiate and terminate translation. Wobble base pairing in the third codon position allows fewer tRNAs to recognize all codons.
Genetic code - Charateristics
The genetic code is the sequence of nitrogen bases in mRNA that contains the information for protein synthesis. A codon is three nitrogen bases that code for a single amino acid. Nirenberg and Mathaei experimentally proved that codons determine amino acids. The genetic code is universal, uses non-overlapping triplets to specify amino acids in a linear, commaless fashion, and employs initiation and termination codons.
Genitic code
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with DNA containing the genetic code in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes use the mRNA code to link amino acids together to form proteins according to the sequence specified by the DNA.
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The document discusses protein synthesis and degradation. Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum through translation - the process of mRNA being converted to protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The translation process involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Protein degradation is carried out by the proteasome. Several inhibitors are listed that target different steps in protein synthesis, some affecting bacteria and eukaryotes, while others only affect one domain. Protein folding is also mentioned.
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The document discusses various topics related to the genetic code, including:
1. The genetic code is degenerate, meaning many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. Wobble in the anticodon allows one tRNA to recognize multiple codons.
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The genetic code contains rules for translating genetic information in DNA into proteins. It uses triplet codons where each codon specifies a single amino acid. The code is degenerate, with more than one codon coding for an amino acid. It is non-overlapping and non-ambiguous, with each codon corresponding to only one amino acid. Translation proceeds continuously in a 5' to 3' direction, with AUG always initiating protein synthesis and specifying methionine.
Genetic code
This document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis and the genetic code. It begins by explaining that protein synthesis, also called translation, uses the genetic code to translate mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences to form proteins. The genetic code is described as a dictionary that uses triplet codons to specify which of 20 amino acids will be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain. Each codon is recognized by a complementary anticodon on transfer RNA molecules. The genetic code has several notable features, including being universal across all living things, having some redundancy with multiple codons specifying the same amino acid, and including three non-overlapping stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
Genetic code
The genetic code refers to the sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA that encode information for protein synthesis. It consists of 64 codons made up of three nucleotide bases that dictate which of 20 amino acids will be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain or signal its termination. Key events in discovering the genetic code included determining DNA's structure and identifying that codons encode amino acids. There are sense codons that specify amino acids, start codons that initiate translation, and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal and has several important properties including being triplet-based, non-overlapping, and degenerate.
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The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
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The genetic code is a dictionary that translates nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences. It is composed of 64 codons that are read in groups of three nucleotides. The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, redundant, and non-overlapping. It specifies 20 standard amino acids through 61 codons, while 3 codons are stop signals that terminate protein synthesis. The code allows for wobbling in base pairing at the third position of codons, increasing decoding efficiency. Mutations can alter protein sequences through changes to codons.
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The genetic code is the sequence of nitrogen bases in mRNA that contains the information for protein synthesis. A codon is three nitrogen bases that code for a single amino acid. Nirenberg and Mathaei experimentally proved that codons determine amino acids. The genetic code is universal, uses non-overlapping triplets to specify amino acids in a linear, commaless fashion, and employs initiation and termination codons.
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with DNA containing the genetic code in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes use the mRNA code to link amino acids together to form proteins according to the sequence specified by the DNA.
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The document discusses protein synthesis and degradation. Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum through translation - the process of mRNA being converted to protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The translation process involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Protein degradation is carried out by the proteasome. Several inhibitors are listed that target different steps in protein synthesis, some affecting bacteria and eukaryotes, while others only affect one domain. Protein folding is also mentioned.
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Genetic code
The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. Though the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains the information for protein sequences, proteins are not made directly from DNA. Instead, a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is synthesized from the DNA and directs the formation of the protein. RNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil."(U)."
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The document discusses various topics related to the genetic code, including:
1. The genetic code is degenerate, meaning many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. Wobble in the anticodon allows one tRNA to recognize multiple codons.
2. Three rules govern the genetic code: codons are read in groups of three in the 5' to 3' direction without gaps or overlaps.
3. Suppressor mutations can reside in the same gene or a different gene and suppress the effects of mutations by producing functional proteins.
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The genetic code contains rules for translating genetic information in DNA into proteins. It uses triplet codons where each codon specifies a single amino acid. The code is degenerate, with more than one codon coding for an amino acid. It is non-overlapping and non-ambiguous, with each codon corresponding to only one amino acid. Translation proceeds continuously in a 5' to 3' direction, with AUG always initiating protein synthesis and specifying methionine.
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This document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis and the genetic code. It begins by explaining that protein synthesis, also called translation, uses the genetic code to translate mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences to form proteins. The genetic code is described as a dictionary that uses triplet codons to specify which of 20 amino acids will be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain. Each codon is recognized by a complementary anticodon on transfer RNA molecules. The genetic code has several notable features, including being universal across all living things, having some redundancy with multiple codons specifying the same amino acid, and including three non-overlapping stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
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The genetic code refers to the sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA that encode information for protein synthesis. It consists of 64 codons made up of three nucleotide bases that dictate which of 20 amino acids will be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain or signal its termination. Key events in discovering the genetic code included determining DNA's structure and identifying that codons encode amino acids. There are sense codons that specify amino acids, start codons that initiate translation, and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal and has several important properties including being triplet-based, non-overlapping, and degenerate.
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The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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- 1. CYTOPLASMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRESENTED BY: SHAMS UN NAZIR 1716CUKmr029
- 2. INTRODUCTION Simply Regulation of mRNA Mechanism to ensure mRNA fidelity Defective transcripts are degraded NORMAL ABNORMAL PROTEINS DECAY
- 4. EXON SPLICING AUG EXON EXON EXON EJC EJC UAG AAAAAAA EJC EXONUCLEASES EXON AUG EXON EXON EXON EJC EJC UAG AAAAAAA PTC TERMINATION CODON EJC
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