The document shows the process of protein synthesis: 1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand. 2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. 3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons). 4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome. 5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.

1. Nucleus
Cytoplasm

2. Nucleus

3. Nucleus
Cytoplasm

4. T
A
A
T
C
G
G
T
A
C
A C
G
Cytoplasm
T
G
A
T
T
C
A
T
G
C
A
C
T
A
A
T
RNA Polymerase
G

5. T
A
A
T
C
G
G
C
T
A
A
T
C
G
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
A

6. mRNA Strand
A U G
T
A
C
G
A
T
G
C
T
A
A
T
C
G
Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
G
A

7. T
A
A
T
C
G
G
C
T
A
A
T
C
G
Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
G
A

8. T
A
A
T
C
G
G
C
T
A
A
T
C
G
Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
G
A

9. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
G
C
A
G
T Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
G
A

10. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
T
G
A
T
T
Cytoplasm
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
G
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
Nucleus
A

11. A U G
T
A
A
T
C
G
C
A
U
G
G
T
A
C
C
A
G
A
C
Cytoplasm
T
G
Nucleus C
T G
T
G
A
T
T
A
C
T
A
A

12. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
T
Nucleus C
G
T
G
T
G
A
T
T
A
C
T
A
A

13. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
A
T
G
C
A
T
Nucleus C
G
T
G
G
A
T
T
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
A
A

14. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
A
T
G
C
A
T
Nucleus C
G
T
G
A
A
T
T
C
Cytoplasm
G
T
A
A

15. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus C
T G
T
G
A
C
A
T
T
T
A
A

16. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus C
T G
T
G
A
C
T
T
T
A
A

17. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
T
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus C
T G
T
G
A
C
T
A
T
A

18. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
T
A
C
T
A
T
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus C
T G
T
G
A

19. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
T
T
A
C
T
A
A
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
T
Nucleus C
G
T
G

20. A U G
T
A
C
C
A
U
G
C
U
G
A
C
U
A
A
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
T

21. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
T
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
T
T
A
G
A
C
T
A

22. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
G
A
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
T
A
Cytoplasm
T
A

23. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
T
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
T
G
C
G
A
A
T
T
T
A
A

24. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
Cytoplasm
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
T
T
A
G
G
A
T
T
C
T
A
A

25. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
C
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
G
C
T
G
A
T
T
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
A
A

26. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
Cytoplasm
T
A
T
G
C
A
Nucleus
G
T
C
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

27. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
A
T
G
C
A
G
Nucleus
T
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

28. T
A
C
G
C
A
T
G
C
G
A
T
A
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
G
Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

29. T
A
C
C
G
A
G
T
G
A
C
A
T
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
G
Nucleus
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

30. T
A
A
T
G
A
C
G
T
A
G
C
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
G
Nucleus
C
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

31. G
A
T
A
C
G
T
A
A
T
G
C
A
Cytoplasm
T
C
T
G
Nucleus
C
C
T
G
A
T
T
G
A
C
T
A
A

32. TA C G T A C G A C T G A T T
AT G C A T G C T G A C T A A
mRNA Strand
Nuclear Pore

33. Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Large
Subunit
Small
Amino Acid
Pool
mRNA Strand

34. Cytoplasm
Large
Subunit
Small

35. Cytoplasm
Large
Subunit
Small

36. Cytoplasm
Large
Subunit
Small
Polypeptide

37. Cytoplasm
Large
Subunit
Small
Polypeptide

38. tRNA Molecule
U
A
C
A
U
G
Start codon
Anti-codon
C
A
U
G
C
U
G
A
Stop Codon
C
U
A
A

39. tRNA Molecule
Amino Acid Chain
U
A
C
A
U
G
Start codon
Anti-codon
C
A
U
G
C
U
G
A
Stop Codon
C
U
A
A

40. Amino Acid Chain
A
A
U
G
Start codon
C
A
U
G
C
U
C
G
Stop Codon
U
A
Stop Codon
C
U
A
A

41. Amino Acid Chain
Final protein in its tertiary structure.

42. My Verbal Summary: On Protein Synthesis
First in Transcription RNA polymerase un-pairs and un-winds DNA as it is reading it,
then the copy called a messenger RNA molecule leaves the cell nucleus and enters the
cytoplasm. The you go into translation which is the process of translating the sequence of
a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids, then after that process is
complete, in the cytoplasm of the cell the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in
groups of three bases to assemble the protein.

43. THE END! (: