Lec.1 Introduction Prokaryote_and_Eukaryote
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This document summarizes Lecture 1 of the Wet-Lab course which covers prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using bacteria and yeast as examples. It introduces the central dogma of biology and compares the structures and gene expression of prokaryotic cells like bacteria and eukaryotic cells like yeast. Specific topics covered include the structures of E. coli and B. subtilis, bacterial operons, the lac operon, and how yeast undergo fermentation.
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Lec.1 Introduction Prokaryote_and_Eukaryote
- 2. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Bacteria and Yeast
- 3. outline • Central Dogma • Prokaryotic cell : bacteria • Eukaryotic cell : yeast
- 7. Codon table
- 8. Bacteria • Gram positive - E. coli • Gram negative - Bacillus subtilis • Operon • Application on iGEM
- 9. Gram positive & negative 細胞質 細胞膜 周質 肽聚糖 細胞質 細胞膜 肽聚糖 周質 外膜
- 10. Escherichia coli
- 11. Prokaryotic genes Downstream (3’) Prokaryotes (intronless protein coding genes) promoter Gene region Upstream (5’) Transcription (gene is encoded on minus strand .. And the reverse complement is read into mRNA) DNA mRNA 5´ UTR 3´ UTRCoDing Sequence (CDS) ATG ATG TAC Translation: tRNA read off each codons, 3 bases at a time, starting at start codon until it reaches a STOP codon. protein
- 12. Prokaryotic genes (operons) downstream Prokaryotes (operon structure) promoterupstream Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 In prokaryotes, sometimes genes that are part of the same operational pathway are grouped together under a single promoter. They then produce a pre-mRNA which eventually produces 3 separates mRNA´s.
- 13. Bacterial genomes have simple gene structure. - Operator - Promoters -35 sequence (T82T84G78A65C54A45) 15-20 bases -10 sequence (T80A95T45A60A50T96) 5-9 bases - Start of transcription : initiation start: Purine90 (sometimes it’s the “A” in CAT) - translation binding site (shine-dalgarno) 10 bp upstream of AUG (AGGAGG) - One or more Open Reading Frame •start-codon (unless sequence is partial) •until next in-frame stop codon on that strand . - Termination Bacterial Gene Structure of signals 1-10-35
- 14. Promoter • 40-60 bp • AT rich • Initiates transcription • Binding site for RNA polymerase • Pribnow box
- 15. Operator • transcription factor binding site • protein • inducer • corepressor
- 16. Regulator • Control the expression of gene • Encode a protein • Repressive protein • Activating protein
- 17. Open Reading Frame (ORF) • Structural Gene (SG) • 2-10 SG
- 18. Terminator • End of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription • Strong or Weak
- 19. Lac operon
- 20. Bacillus subtilis • Clean waste water • Solve fungal diseases • Solve body smell
- 22. Eukaryotic cell • membranous organelles
- 23. Yeast • Structure • Life cycle • Fermentation • Application on iGEM
- 24. Yeast • Structure • Life cycle • Fermentation • Application on iGEM
- 25. Yeast
- 28. Membrane / Wall / Periplasm
- 29. Cell Wall
- 31. Cell Wall : 多醣+蛋白質 網
- 33. • 核 • 核膜 • 核孔
- 36. ATP synthesis • Concept 化學能 ↓ H+ gradient ↓ ATP
- 38. 膜狀胞器 : 「封閉的」胞內空間
- 40. Yeast • Structure • Life cycle • Fermentation • Application on iGEM
- 42. Yeast • Structure • Life cycle • Fermentation • Application on iGEM
- 45. Yeast • Structure • Life cycle • Fermentation • Application on iGEM
- 46. S. cerevisiae • rapid growth, • Easy mutant isolation • Well-defined genetic system • Plasmid compactible • Homologous recombination • Nonpathogenic
- 48. • http://www.yeastextract.info/public/documents/yeast- products/yeast_cell_wall.pdf • http://www.wiley-vch.de/books/sample/3527332529_c02.pdf • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146432/pdf/250451.pdf • https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter 15/processing_of_gene_information__prokaryotes_vs__eukaryotes.html Reference