The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.

2. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
TAT
ATA
CT
A
C
AA
TTT
GA
TG
A
DNA
Cell

3. Ribosomes
Nucleus
T C AAT C AT
A C AT T C T
A G TAAGA
TGTT AGTA
DNA
Cytoplasm

4. Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
T ACCAAAT T T CCAT T
A T GGT T T A A A GGT A A
DNA

5. T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

6. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase

7. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T

8. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G

9. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T

10. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A

11. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
G
G
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A

12. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G

13. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T

14. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA strand, creating an mRNA strand.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

15. The mRNA strand then breaks off and goes to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

16. The mRNA strand then breaks off and goes to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

17. The DNA strand then reforms back into its double helix state.
C
T
A
T
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
C
A
A
G

18. The DNA strand then reforms back into its double helix state.
A
T
A
C
C
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A
A
A
T
T

19. The DNA strand then reforms back into its double helix state.
T
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
C
A
T
T
A
G
G
T
A
A
T
A
C
A

20. The DNA strand then reforms back into its
double helix state.
A
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
T
T
A
A
C
A
T
G

21. The DNA strand then reforms back into its
double helix state.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

22. The DNA strand then reforms back into its
double helix state.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

23. The DNA strand then reforms back into its
double helix state.
T
A
C
C
A
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
T
T
A
T
G
G
T
T
T
A
A
A
G
G
T
A
A

24. T ACCAAAT T T CCAT T
A T GGT T T A A A GGT A A
The mRNA strand then goes into the ribosome.

25. T ACCAAAT T T CCAT T
A T GGT T T A A A GGT A A
The mRNA strand then goes into the ribosome.

26. Ribosome
G U U
U A A
A G G
U A A
Small Subunit
A U G

27. Ribosome
The tRNA molecule then binds on to the codon with the
corresponding anti-codon.
Methionine
G U U
U A A
A G G
U A A
Small Subunit
U A C
A U G

28. Ribosome
After the tRNA molecule binds with
the codon, the amino acid releases
from tRNA.
Glutamine
U A A
A G G
U A A
Small Subunit
A U G
C A A
G U U

29. Ribosome
The process of the tRNA binding on
the codon repeats for each codon.
Isoleucine
G U U
A G G
U A A
Small Subunit
G
A U U
U A A
The amino acid that is release then
joins onto the previous amino acid by
forming a peptide bond.

30. Ribosome
The process of the tRNA binding on
the codon repeats for each codon.
Serine
U A A
U A A
Small Subunit
U
U C C
A G G
The amino acid that is release then
joins onto the previous amino acid by
forming a peptide bond.

31. Ribosome
The process of the tRNA binding on
the codon repeats for each codon.
The amino acid that is release then
joins onto the previous amino acid by
forming a peptide bond.
Serine
U A A
U A A
Small Subunit
U
U C C
A G G

32. The tRNA then forms a “stop” amino
acid and the process ends.
Stop
A G G
U A A
U A A
Small Subunit
A A
Ribosome

33. Ribosome
Stop
The tRNA then forms a “stop” amino
acid and the process ends.
Small Subunit

34. Ribosome
Stop
The amino acid chain then folds on
itself.
Small Subunit

35. Ribosome
Stop
The amino acid chain then folds on
itself.
Small Subunit