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Johannes Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist who was the first researcher to isolate and identify nucleic acid. He discovered that nucleic acid is a phosphate-nitrogenous base molecule that produces protons in water, making it an acid. The document discusses DNA and RNA nucleotides and bases, transcription, translation, genes, and proteins.
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Genetic code
1. The genetic code is deciphered through research that matched codons (three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA) to their corresponding amino acids. It was discovered that 61 codons code for specific amino acids while 3 are stop codons.
2. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain via the ribosome.
3. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, directed by the mRNA template, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to codon-anticodon base pairing. The amino acids are linked together through the joining of peptide bonds.
Dna notes
DNA contains genetic instructions that control protein production and traits. It is made up of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C). The bases bond together in a double helix structure according to base pairing rules, with A bonding only with T and G only with C. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA is translated into proteins using tRNA and ribosomes according to the genetic code stored in DNA's base sequence.
Wobble hypothesis
The document discusses the wobble hypothesis in genetic coding. It begins with introducing genes and the genetic code. It then discusses the structure and properties of transfer RNA (tRNA), which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The wobble hypothesis proposes that the first nucleotide in the tRNA anticodon can bond weakly to more than one nucleotide in the messenger RNA codon. This allows a single tRNA to bind multiple codons and explains the redundancy in the genetic code. The document outlines the rules of wobble pairing and significance, specifically that it maximizes the genetic code while minimizing errors from codon misreading. In summary, the wobble hypothesis explains genetic code redundancy and versatility through loose bonding at
Genetic code properties
DNA contains the genetic code that directs protein synthesis. The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA. Although there are 20 types of amino acids, they are specified by combinations of only 4 bases. According to Crick, the genetic code is organized into triplets of bases (codons), with each codon specifying a particular amino acid. There are 64 possible codons that can uniquely specify each of the 20 amino acids. Experiments by Nirenberg, Khorana, and others helped decipher the genetic code by correlating synthetic RNA sequences with the amino acids produced. The genetic code is nearly universal across all living things.
Genetic code
Deciphering of genetic code and its salient features for undergraduates in biology, biochemistry and medicine
Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information
transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from
single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
GENETIC CODE
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Recommended
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is deciphered through research that matched codons (three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA) to their corresponding amino acids. It was discovered that 61 codons code for specific amino acids while 3 are stop codons.
2. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain via the ribosome.
3. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, directed by the mRNA template, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to codon-anticodon base pairing. The amino acids are linked together through the joining of peptide bonds.
Dna notes
DNA contains genetic instructions that control protein production and traits. It is made up of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C). The bases bond together in a double helix structure according to base pairing rules, with A bonding only with T and G only with C. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA is translated into proteins using tRNA and ribosomes according to the genetic code stored in DNA's base sequence.
Wobble hypothesis
The document discusses the wobble hypothesis in genetic coding. It begins with introducing genes and the genetic code. It then discusses the structure and properties of transfer RNA (tRNA), which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The wobble hypothesis proposes that the first nucleotide in the tRNA anticodon can bond weakly to more than one nucleotide in the messenger RNA codon. This allows a single tRNA to bind multiple codons and explains the redundancy in the genetic code. The document outlines the rules of wobble pairing and significance, specifically that it maximizes the genetic code while minimizing errors from codon misreading. In summary, the wobble hypothesis explains genetic code redundancy and versatility through loose bonding at
Genetic code properties
DNA contains the genetic code that directs protein synthesis. The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA. Although there are 20 types of amino acids, they are specified by combinations of only 4 bases. According to Crick, the genetic code is organized into triplets of bases (codons), with each codon specifying a particular amino acid. There are 64 possible codons that can uniquely specify each of the 20 amino acids. Experiments by Nirenberg, Khorana, and others helped decipher the genetic code by correlating synthetic RNA sequences with the amino acids produced. The genetic code is nearly universal across all living things.
Genetic code
Deciphering of genetic code and its salient features for undergraduates in biology, biochemistry and medicine
Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information
transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from
single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
GENETIC CODE
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Gentic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nitrogen bases (codons) along mRNA that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Evidence from experiments on mutations in bacteria and viruses showed that the genetic code is read in triplets, with one codon corresponding to one amino acid (except for some amino acids with multiple codons). The genetic code is nearly universal across all life and is non-overlapping, with each codon only being read once without influencing adjacent codons. The genetic code is composed of 64 possible codons that specify 20 standard amino acids.
Genitic code
The document discusses the genetic code, which was discovered in 1968 by Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei, and others. The genetic code is a triplet of nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. There are 64 possible codons made up of combinations of the four nucleotides, with 61 coding for amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is nearly universal across organisms, with only minor exceptions, and has several key properties including being triplet-based, non-overlapping, and having start and stop signals.
Genetic code -
The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
Genetic codons
genetic codons are the series of nucleotides that specifies which amino acid will be added next during the process of photosynthesis
Genetic code
Genetic code describes codons that code amino acids. Contents are well defined according to process central dogma specially Translation mechanism.
Genetic code
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Genetic code
The document discusses the genetic code and the wobble hypothesis. It notes that the genetic code uses triplets of bases to code for amino acids, with 61 codons specifying amino acids and 3 being stop codons. It explains that the wobble hypothesis proposes that the third base of the codon pairs non-specifically with the anticodon through wobble pairing, allowing multiple codons to code for the same amino acid. This wobble pairing allows inosine, the fifth base found in tRNAs, to pair with multiple bases and increases the efficiency of translation.
Genetic code - with YouTube video
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
Genetic code 3
The document discusses various topics related to the genetic code, including:
1. The genetic code is degenerate, meaning many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. Wobble in the anticodon allows one tRNA to recognize multiple codons.
2. Three rules govern the genetic code: codons are read in groups of three in the 5' to 3' direction without gaps or overlaps.
3. Suppressor mutations can reside in the same gene or a different gene and suppress the effects of mutations by producing functional proteins.
Warm up week_3_part_2
Messenger RNA uses codons to specify amino acids during protein synthesis. There are 64 codons in the genetic code, and some codons can specify the same amino acid. The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger RNA is called transcription.
General characteristic of genetic code
presentation explain the general Characteristic of genetic code as well as biological significance of the degeneracy.
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is the set of triplet codons that specify the 20 amino acids during protein synthesis. Each codon is made up of three nucleotides that base pair with the anticodon on transfer RNA molecules.
2. Marshall Nirenberg and others conducted experiments in the 1960s that helped crack the genetic code by determining which codons code for each amino acid. They used synthetic RNA and cell-free protein synthesis systems.
3. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its early development over 3 billion years ago in the first bacteria.
Genetic code
The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. Though the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains the information for protein sequences, proteins are not made directly from DNA. Instead, a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is synthesized from the DNA and directs the formation of the protein. RNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil."(U)."
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
Genetic Code
1) The document discusses the genetic code, which determines how DNA and mRNA sequences are translated into proteins.
2) Marshall Nirenberg and others were the first to elucidate the nature of codons in 1961 and determine that codons consist of three DNA bases.
3) The genetic code is universal, uses triplets of nucleotides, has no commas, does not overlap, is not ambiguous, but is degenerate meaning several codons can code for the same amino acid.
Dna and rna
DNA contains the genetic code and is located in the cell nucleus. It is a double-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, which help in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids and combining with ribosomes.
Genetic code - Charateristics
The genetic code is the sequence of nitrogen bases in mRNA that contains the information for protein synthesis. A codon is three nitrogen bases that code for a single amino acid. Nirenberg and Mathaei experimentally proved that codons determine amino acids. The genetic code is universal, uses non-overlapping triplets to specify amino acids in a linear, commaless fashion, and employs initiation and termination codons.
Next Generation Sequencing machines
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing methods, including Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS). It discusses the key events in sequencing, such as the first human genome project, and summarizes some common NGS platforms like Illumina, 454, and Ion Torrent. The document also gives brief explanations of different sequencing techniques like pyrosequencing and sequencing by synthesis used in NGS and compares characteristics of popular sequencing machines like read length, run time, reads per run, and cost.
Genetic code and its properties
The genetic code is defined as the sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. It is universal across all lifeforms. The genetic code has the following key properties: it is triplet, meaning three nucleotides code for each amino acid; comma-less and non-overlapping, with no breaks or overlaps between codons; non-ambiguous, with each codon coding for only one amino acid; and redundant, with some amino acids coded for by multiple codons. The genetic code is read in the 5' to 3' direction and includes start codons that initiate protein synthesis and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
Genetic code2
1. The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets called codons that specify individual amino acids.
2. Experiments confirmed that the genetic code is a triplet code and that each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, with some codons coding for the same amino acid (degenerate).
3. Key properties of the genetic code include it being triplet-based, non-overlapping, unambiguous, degenerate, and nearly universal across organisms.
biologia6
1. Meiosis involves two divisions that reduce the number of chromosomes by half, leading to genetic variability. The key events are crossing over, separation of homologous chromosomes, and separation of sister chromatids.
2. Chromosomes are classified based on centromere location as metacentric, submetacentric, or telocentric. Aneuploidy occurs when the number of a particular chromosome is altered.
3. Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis can result in trisomy disorders like Down syndrome, where a third chromosome 21 is present.
biologia5
Johannes Friedrich Miescher was a Swiss physician and biologist in the late 19th century. He was the first researcher to isolate and identify nucleic acid, a molecule composed of phosphate, nitrogenous bases, and a sugar. This acid molecule, later called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contains the genetic instructions that determine the development and functioning of living organisms.
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Gentic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nitrogen bases (codons) along mRNA that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Evidence from experiments on mutations in bacteria and viruses showed that the genetic code is read in triplets, with one codon corresponding to one amino acid (except for some amino acids with multiple codons). The genetic code is nearly universal across all life and is non-overlapping, with each codon only being read once without influencing adjacent codons. The genetic code is composed of 64 possible codons that specify 20 standard amino acids.
Genitic code
The document discusses the genetic code, which was discovered in 1968 by Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei, and others. The genetic code is a triplet of nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. There are 64 possible codons made up of combinations of the four nucleotides, with 61 coding for amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is nearly universal across organisms, with only minor exceptions, and has several key properties including being triplet-based, non-overlapping, and having start and stop signals.
Genetic code -
The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
Genetic codons
genetic codons are the series of nucleotides that specifies which amino acid will be added next during the process of photosynthesis
Genetic code
Genetic code describes codons that code amino acids. Contents are well defined according to process central dogma specially Translation mechanism.
Genetic code
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Genetic code
The document discusses the genetic code and the wobble hypothesis. It notes that the genetic code uses triplets of bases to code for amino acids, with 61 codons specifying amino acids and 3 being stop codons. It explains that the wobble hypothesis proposes that the third base of the codon pairs non-specifically with the anticodon through wobble pairing, allowing multiple codons to code for the same amino acid. This wobble pairing allows inosine, the fifth base found in tRNAs, to pair with multiple bases and increases the efficiency of translation.
Genetic code - with YouTube video
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
Genetic code 3
The document discusses various topics related to the genetic code, including:
1. The genetic code is degenerate, meaning many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. Wobble in the anticodon allows one tRNA to recognize multiple codons.
2. Three rules govern the genetic code: codons are read in groups of three in the 5' to 3' direction without gaps or overlaps.
3. Suppressor mutations can reside in the same gene or a different gene and suppress the effects of mutations by producing functional proteins.
Warm up week_3_part_2
Messenger RNA uses codons to specify amino acids during protein synthesis. There are 64 codons in the genetic code, and some codons can specify the same amino acid. The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger RNA is called transcription.
General characteristic of genetic code
presentation explain the general Characteristic of genetic code as well as biological significance of the degeneracy.
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is the set of triplet codons that specify the 20 amino acids during protein synthesis. Each codon is made up of three nucleotides that base pair with the anticodon on transfer RNA molecules.
2. Marshall Nirenberg and others conducted experiments in the 1960s that helped crack the genetic code by determining which codons code for each amino acid. They used synthetic RNA and cell-free protein synthesis systems.
3. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its early development over 3 billion years ago in the first bacteria.
Genetic code
The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. Though the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains the information for protein sequences, proteins are not made directly from DNA. Instead, a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is synthesized from the DNA and directs the formation of the protein. RNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil."(U)."
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
Genetic Code
1) The document discusses the genetic code, which determines how DNA and mRNA sequences are translated into proteins.
2) Marshall Nirenberg and others were the first to elucidate the nature of codons in 1961 and determine that codons consist of three DNA bases.
3) The genetic code is universal, uses triplets of nucleotides, has no commas, does not overlap, is not ambiguous, but is degenerate meaning several codons can code for the same amino acid.
Dna and rna
DNA contains the genetic code and is located in the cell nucleus. It is a double-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, which help in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids and combining with ribosomes.
Genetic code - Charateristics
The genetic code is the sequence of nitrogen bases in mRNA that contains the information for protein synthesis. A codon is three nitrogen bases that code for a single amino acid. Nirenberg and Mathaei experimentally proved that codons determine amino acids. The genetic code is universal, uses non-overlapping triplets to specify amino acids in a linear, commaless fashion, and employs initiation and termination codons.
Next Generation Sequencing machines
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing methods, including Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS). It discusses the key events in sequencing, such as the first human genome project, and summarizes some common NGS platforms like Illumina, 454, and Ion Torrent. The document also gives brief explanations of different sequencing techniques like pyrosequencing and sequencing by synthesis used in NGS and compares characteristics of popular sequencing machines like read length, run time, reads per run, and cost.
Genetic code and its properties
The genetic code is defined as the sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. It is universal across all lifeforms. The genetic code has the following key properties: it is triplet, meaning three nucleotides code for each amino acid; comma-less and non-overlapping, with no breaks or overlaps between codons; non-ambiguous, with each codon coding for only one amino acid; and redundant, with some amino acids coded for by multiple codons. The genetic code is read in the 5' to 3' direction and includes start codons that initiate protein synthesis and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
Genetic code2
1. The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets called codons that specify individual amino acids.
2. Experiments confirmed that the genetic code is a triplet code and that each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, with some codons coding for the same amino acid (degenerate).
3. Key properties of the genetic code include it being triplet-based, non-overlapping, unambiguous, degenerate, and nearly universal across organisms.
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3. Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis can result in trisomy disorders like Down syndrome, where a third chromosome 21 is present.
biologia5
Johannes Friedrich Miescher was a Swiss physician and biologist in the late 19th century. He was the first researcher to isolate and identify nucleic acid, a molecule composed of phosphate, nitrogenous bases, and a sugar. This acid molecule, later called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contains the genetic instructions that determine the development and functioning of living organisms.
biologia7
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biologia1
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biologia4
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biologia2
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Genetics3
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Genetica molecular
Genetics molecules like DNA and RNA have the ability to carry genetic instructions and replicate themselves perfectly. DNA contains genes which provide the code for protein production. The genetic code is expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. DNA replication ensures genetic information is preserved as cells divide. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA sequence or structure and generate genetic variability in populations.
Nucleic Acids.pptx
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic information of living organisms. DNA specifically stores and carries genetic information in the form of genes. It has a double helix structure with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). The bases on each strand bond with each other through hydrogen bonds - A pairs with T and C pairs with G. This discovery of DNA's double helix structure was made in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on experimental evidence from scientists like Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Erwin Charg
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. DNA usually exists as a double-stranded helix containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). RNA is single-stranded and can exist in various structures performing different roles like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and one or more phosphate groups. The base pairs in DNA (adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine) hold the two strands of the double helix together through hydrogen bonding.
presentation_nucleic_acid__chemistry_1471270882_17307.ppt
- Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information through generations. They are made up of nucleotides which consist of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups.
- Friedrich Miescher first isolated and studied nucleic acids in the 1860s from white blood cells. He discovered they contained an unknown phosphate-rich substance which he named "nuclein". Later it was determined to be an acid and was called nucleic acid.
- Nucleotides act as carriers of chemical energy through molecules like ATP. They also serve as components of enzyme cofactors and function as chemical messengers inside cells through molecules like cyclic AMP.
- In DNA and RNA, nucleotides are linked by phosph
POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1- Based on your observations- what aimilarities di.docx
POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Based on your observations, what aimilarities did you observe in the appearances of the DNA Erom different sources (list two] ? 2. Based on your observations, what ditferences did you observe in the appearances of the DNA from different DNA sources (list two)? 3. Why was isopropanol added to the filtrated liquid and not the extraction buffer? 4. Write the complementary DNA sequence for the following segment of DNA (main strand) Main strand ATGATTGACATTGAGGATCCAT Complementary Strand
Solution
Answer -
Similarties -
Both contain 3 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine.
both have a phosphate groups in their nucleotides.
Difference -
DNA is a polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone while RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone.
DNA contain thymine, while RNA contain uracil.
complementary strand - PAIR
ATÂ Â ;GC........write pair
TACTAACTGTAACTCCTAGGTA
.
Dna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The structure of DNA is a double helix with the bases on each strand bonded to each other. DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism where each new cell receives one original and one new strand. Genes are expressed as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. Mutations can occur and cause genetic disorders and diseases.
Nucleic acids
This document is a biochemistry assignment submitted by Nibedita Ayan, an MBBS student at Xiamen Medical College, China under the guidance of Dr. A. K. M. Arif Uddin Ahmed. The assignment discusses nucleic acids, their discovery, structure, roles, and impacts. It covers topics such as nucleic acids carrying hereditary information and acting as carriers of genes, DNA and RNA having different but important roles, the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis, DNA replication enabling species continuation, and various aberrations in nucleic acids like mutations, which can impact evolution, cancer development, and more.
Nucleic acid..biochem
- Frederic Miesher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869, naming it nuclein.
- In 1920, Jones proved there are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
- In 1953, Watson and Crick used data from Franklin and others to discover that DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairing between strands.
Accessing genetically tagged heterocycle libraries via a chemoresistant DNA s...
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Andreas Brunschweiger, an Independent Group Leader at TU Dortmund, discusses the limitations of DNA-encoded compound libraries (DELs) and getting around these.
Nucleic Acids
Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1869. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is made of nucleotides containing the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. It takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing between strands. In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA based on X-ray crystallography data. RNA is single-stranded and contains the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA that help in protein synthesis.
CHEMISTRY NUCLEIC ACID.ppt
This document discusses nucleic acids and their structure. It notes that there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found primarily in the nucleus, while RNA is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, or uracil). DNA has a double helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis through messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA.
Chapter 11 DNA Biology
The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function, including:
- DNA is a double-helix structure with bases pairing between strands.
- DNA replication is semiconservative and involves unwinding of the strands followed by synthesis of new strands using the old strands as templates.
- Gene expression involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm using transfer RNA and ribosomes.
- Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including chromatin structure, transcription factors, RNA processing, and mRNA translation controls.
Nucleic Acids
this presentation covers about all the topics of nucleic acids.I made this presentation by combining too many presentations. and I also presented the same in the university and I got an A++ :).
best of luck!
Types of nucliec acids, biosynthesis and catabolism
1. The document discusses nucleic acids, their biosynthesis, and catabolism. It describes the two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA, how they are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways, and their components.
2. It provides details on the structures of DNA and RNA, including their nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. DNA is double-stranded and found in the nucleus, while RNA exists in several forms and has roles in protein synthesis.
3. Nucleic acid catabolism and the roles of the different RNA types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - in gene expression and protein synthesis are also summarized.
Nucleic acid
1. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from cell nuclei in 1869, naming it "nuclein" due to its acidic properties.
2. There are two main types of nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and mitochondria/chloroplasts, while RNA is found throughout the cell.
3. DNA provides circumstantial evidence for its role as the genetic material, as its amount is constant in somatic cells and halves in gametes, and its absorption of UV light corresponds to mutagenic effects.
The Structure of DNA and RNA
1. The document discusses the history and key discoveries in genetics from Mendel's work in 1866 to the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. It includes the discoveries of DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 and the genetic code by Nirenberg in 1966.
2. The structure and composition of DNA, RNA, and nucleotides are described. DNA is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Both DNA and RNA follow Chargaff's rules about base pairing.
3. Gene structure is explained, including the concepts of exons, introns, and splicing in eukaryotic genes. The location of genes on chromosomes at specific loci is also covered.
Xenobiology
so we can conclude that xenobiology can give various answers of life and also can help to discover various biochemical reaction as well as can increas economy of one country
The molecular basis of inheritance
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are used to direct the development and functioning of organisms. It was determined that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing with adenine bonding with thymine and guanine bonding with cytosine.
The molecular basis of inheritance class 12
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure in 1953. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are used to direct the development and function of living organisms. It was shown that DNA is the genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed from parents to offspring. The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, which bond together in DNA in a specific pairing between bases to form the double helix structure.
Similar to biologia3 (19)
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
presentation_nucleic_acid__chemistry_1471270882_17307.ppt
presentation_nucleic_acid__chemistry_1471270882_17307.ppt
POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1- Based on your observations- what aimilarities di.docx
POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1- Based on your observations- what aimilarities di.docx
Accessing genetically tagged heterocycle libraries via a chemoresistant DNA s...
Accessing genetically tagged heterocycle libraries via a chemoresistant DNA s...
Types of nucliec acids, biosynthesis and catabolism
Types of nucliec acids, biosynthesis and catabolism
Recently uploaded
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Recently uploaded (20)
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
biologia3
- 2. Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He was the first researcher to isolate and identify nucleic acid.
- 8. This molecule is an Acid. That means that this substance in water expels or produces protons (H+)
- 9. 1 23 4 5
- 12. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 13. RIBOSE
- 18. paper A G C T
- 25. DEOXYRIBOSE
- 36. Double Stranded with base paring
- 37. Secuencia de Bases Nitrogenadas del Gen de la Cadena Alfa de la Hemoglobina. Sequence of Nitrogenous bases of the a-chain Haemoglobin gene.
- 47. INTEGRASE ENZYME
- 53. Using the information above, make the Transcription.
- 54. Take now the Genetic Code, and make the translation
- 59. BACTERIAN KINASE PROTEIN GENE
- 60. BACTERIAN KINASE PROTEIN GENE
- 61. TRIPLETS OR CODONS DNA mRNA Amino Acid CTT GCC CTC GCT CTG ACC ACC DNA mRNA Amino Acid CTC TTC TGG GAC AAT