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The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes cells as having a nucleus that contains DNA and a cytoplasm outside the nucleus. DNA in the nucleus contains genes made up of codons that are read to create proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Mutations in DNA can cause genetic disorders when non-corresponding bases meet up during cell division.
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The document discusses microarray studies to analyze gene expression. It describes the history of microarrays and the current process which involves building chips by amplifying cDNA clones via PCR, printing the clones on slides, preparing RNA by isolating it from cell cultures, producing cDNA, labeling samples, hybridizing the chip, and analyzing data. The aim is to induce rupture of atherosclerotic plaque in mice using drugs to alter gene expression and identify genes associated with ruptured plaques. The process will involve designing probes, synthesizing cDNA, obtaining tissue samples, and analyzing hybridized chips to find intensity differences in genes.
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The document discusses microarray studies to analyze gene expression. It provides background on the history and evolution of cDNA microarrays. It then describes the basic process of building microarray chips, preparing RNA samples, hybridizing chips, and analyzing data. Specific details are given on preparing probes, synthesizing oligonucleotides, making microarray chips in the lab, obtaining tissue samples, and analyzing emission from hybridized chips. The overall aim is to induce rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in mice and use microarrays to find genes expressed in ruptured plaques by comparing results to histopathology. Various drugs being tested to induce rupture are also listed.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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