DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs when ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons until reaching a stop codon, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome and recognize codons via complementary anticodons.

1. Protein Synthesis
5
T
A
a
A
c
G
T
G
T
G
C
A
C
Sugar
C
C
G
T
T
C
C
C
A
A
G
C
A
A
T
G
C
T
a
A
T
c
C
3
T
G
A
a
5
3
Adenine
G
Thymine
cytosine
Phosphate
Guanine

2. Protein Synthesis
Cell
Nucleus

3. Protein Synthesis
5
T
A
3
a
A
G
T
c
G
G
C
T
A
C
G
C
C
G
T
T
A
C
A
C
C
G
C
A
A
T
G
C
T
a
A
T
c
C
3
T
G
A
a
5

4. Protein Synthesis
RNA Polymerase
5
T
A
a
A
G
T
c
G
G
C
T
A
C
G
C
C
G
T
T
A
C
A
C
C
G
C
A
A
T
G
C
T
a
A
T
c
C
3
T
G
A
a
5
3
Promoter region

5. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
A UGC C
C A GAC A
GU G A
TACGGGTCTGTCACT
ATGCCCAGACAGTGA
Coding region
Termination sequence

6. Protein Synthesis
U=Uracil
Codon
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
UACGGGUCUGUCACU

7. Protein Synthesis
RIBOSOMES
NUCLEOUS
NUCLEAR PORE
Cytoplasm

8. Protein Synthesis
RIBOSOMES
NUCLEOUS
Cytoplasm

9. Protein Synthesis
RIBOSOMES
NUCLEOUS
Cytoplasm

10. Protein Synthesis
Inside the Ribosome
mRNA strand
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA

11. Protein Synthesis
tRNA molecule
Anti-codon
UAC
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
Start codon
Amino acid
Stop codon

12. Protein Synthesis
UACGGG
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
Start codon
Peptide Bond
Stop codon

13. Protein Synthesis
UACGGGUCU
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
Start codon
Stop codon

14. Protein Synthesis
U A C G G G U C UG U C
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
Start codon
Stop codon

15. Protein Synthesis
U A C G G G U C UG U C A C U
AUGCCCAGACAGUGA
Start codon
Protein
Stop codon

16. Protein Synthesis
Complete Protein

17. Protein Synthesis
DNA translation is the process of copying the DNA sequence of a
gene and transporting it to the cytoplasm of the cell. In order to
do this you must first start with tuning a DNA a strand into and
mRNA strand using on of the DNA stands as a template. Once
this has occurred you will start filling in the complimentary
nucleotides to the mRNA strand to make it whole. You do this
with RNA polymerase. The nucleotides are also changes the
thymine nucleotides get turned into Uracil because there is no
thymine in RNA. So you have adenine bonding with Uracil, and
Guanine binging with Cytosine. Once the template is completed
and matched with the right complimentary strands the result is
a mRNA molecule. This molecule is the messenger molecule. It
breaks off from the template strand and moves out of the
nucleus into the cytoplasm. When the mRNA strand gets there it
returns into its double helix formation. Also DNA translation is
now occurring. DNA translation is the process of converting the
nucleotide sequence of a mRNA molecule into a language that is
understood by ribosomes. The ribosomes read the amino acids.
Next you have the ribosmes begin translation at the start codon
which has to start with AUG.

18. Protein Synthesis
Next the tRNA molecules transfer the amino acid to the
ribosome. The rRNA contains an anticodon on one end of an
amino acid or the other. An anticodon is the sequence of three
nucleotides that are complementary to the codon. Once you
have and amino acid out of that they are joined with peptide
bonds. The ribosome continues on until reaching the top codon.
When it gets here is falls off leaving a chain of amino acids
which fold upon itself to give it its function.