Phsflamingturtleswatsonandcrick
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Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure through their research combining the work of other scientists like Rosalind Franklin and Oswald Avery. They created the first sketch of DNA and found that hydrogen bonds could form between certain nitrogenous bases to hold the two DNA strands together.
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SHORT HISTORY OF DNA
DNA is a very important fact of life. And the evolution of the DNA is an very important thing to studied in various where the biology links. In this presentation, the history of the DNA is presented in a short manner.
Ping on the E-Mail in case of the removal and false information found.
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The document outlines the major discoveries in DNA research from 1910 to 1953. It begins with Thomas Morgan's confirmation in 1910 that chromosomes are the molecules of inheritance. Important early experiments were conducted by Griffith in 1928 and Avery in 1944 suggesting DNA was the molecule of inheritance. In 1950, Chargaff determined purine and pyrimidine amounts were equal in DNA strands. Franklin photographed DNA in 1952 providing evidence it was a double strand. Watson and Crick used this photo and Chargaff's rules to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA's structure.
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Rosalind Franklin was an expert in using X-ray crystallography techniques to study DNA structure. Her clear images of DNA, including photograph 51, provided essential information about DNA's structure. Crick and Watson obtained Franklin's data from Wilkins and used it to confirm their ideas about DNA's double-helix structure. Though her work was instrumental in the discovery, Franklin was not recognized at the time since Watson's memoir disparaged her and she had died before the 1962 Nobel Prize was awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins for discovering the structure of DNA.
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The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
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DNA is a double-helix macromolecule that contains genetic material found in the nuclei and mitochondria of living cells. It determines the characteristics of organisms and is composed of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in the 1950s, which consists of two strands coiled around each other with complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine bonding with thymine and cytosine bonding with guanine. DNA contains the entire set of genetic instructions for building and maintaining organisms.
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1. DNA encodes genetic information and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands bonded together.
2. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using evidence from Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers showing the molecule consisted of two strands twisted around each other.
3. DNA has three main functions - storing genetic information through protein coding genes, duplicating itself through DNA replication, and transmitting genetic information between generations during cellular reproduction.
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SHORT HISTORY OF DNA
DNA is a very important fact of life. And the evolution of the DNA is an very important thing to studied in various where the biology links. In this presentation, the history of the DNA is presented in a short manner.
Ping on the E-Mail in case of the removal and false information found.
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The document outlines the major discoveries in DNA research from 1910 to 1953. It begins with Thomas Morgan's confirmation in 1910 that chromosomes are the molecules of inheritance. Important early experiments were conducted by Griffith in 1928 and Avery in 1944 suggesting DNA was the molecule of inheritance. In 1950, Chargaff determined purine and pyrimidine amounts were equal in DNA strands. Franklin photographed DNA in 1952 providing evidence it was a double strand. Watson and Crick used this photo and Chargaff's rules to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA's structure.
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Rosalind Franklin was an expert in using X-ray crystallography techniques to study DNA structure. Her clear images of DNA, including photograph 51, provided essential information about DNA's structure. Crick and Watson obtained Franklin's data from Wilkins and used it to confirm their ideas about DNA's double-helix structure. Though her work was instrumental in the discovery, Franklin was not recognized at the time since Watson's memoir disparaged her and she had died before the 1962 Nobel Prize was awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins for discovering the structure of DNA.
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Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
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DNA is a double-helix macromolecule that contains genetic material found in the nuclei and mitochondria of living cells. It determines the characteristics of organisms and is composed of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in the 1950s, which consists of two strands coiled around each other with complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine bonding with thymine and cytosine bonding with guanine. DNA contains the entire set of genetic instructions for building and maintaining organisms.
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2. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using evidence from Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers showing the molecule consisted of two strands twisted around each other.
3. DNA has three main functions - storing genetic information through protein coding genes, duplicating itself through DNA replication, and transmitting genetic information between generations during cellular reproduction.
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The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs at ribosomes and involves mRNA being read three nucleotides at a time by tRNAs which attach to and deliver amino acids to form a protein. The mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome where tRNAs pair with start codons on the mRNA to begin protein synthesis.
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and bring amino acids specified by the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
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Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins that form after DNA replication. DNA normally exists as chromatin but condenses into chromosomes for cell division. DNA is the genetic material that codes for life, consisting of a double helix structure with two polynucleotide chains connected by complementary nucleotide bases. DNA replication is semi-conservative, with each new DNA molecule composed of one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand.
16themolecularbasisofinheritance 130311053514-phpapp02
The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase showing that DNA transforms bacteria and is the genetic material of viruses. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images of DNA helped Watson and Crick deduce the double helix structure of DNA, with bases pairing specifically according to their rules. The semiconservative model of DNA replication was supported by Meselson and Stahl's experiments tracking isotopic labels.
Molecular biology for post graduates.ppt
DNA is the genetic material that contains the hereditary information and directs development. Key evidence supporting this includes Griffith's experiments showing transformation of bacteria by DNA and Hershey and Chase's experiments demonstrating that viral DNA enters host cells during infection. Watson and Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, explaining the prior findings and Chargaff's rules regarding DNA composition. Their model showed how DNA can be replicated through complementary base pairing and provided the basis for understanding inheritance and molecular genetics.
AP Bio Ch 16 part 1
1) Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that a substance from heat-killed pathogenic bacteria could transform harmless bacteria of the same species into pathogenic bacteria, changing their phenotype.
2) Oswald Avery later showed that this transforming substance was DNA. However, this was controversial at the time since proteins were thought to be the genetic material.
3) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's 1952 experiment demonstrated that the genetic material of viruses that infects bacteria is DNA, not protein.
Life sciences
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function. It describes the scientists involved in discovering DNA, including Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. It explains that DNA is located in the nucleus of cells and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The bases adenine and thymine pair together, as do cytosine and guanine. DNA replicates through the bases separating and new strands forming complementary pairs. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify individuals and determine genetic relationships.
4.1 DNA structure
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base groups. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that ensures genetic information is accurately copied and passed on to daughter cells.
4.1 DNA Structure
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that precisely copies the DNA.
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Lecture 1 part.2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
Lecture 1 part.2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
16themolecularbasisofinheritance 130311053514-phpapp02
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Genetics power point
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
Protein synthesis trenton stouffer
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Presentation1
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
Atcheson flip book
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Protein synthesis
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
Protein synthesis
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
Dna replicaton byrd
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
Mine all mine
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
RNA_LexiZanaglio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Rna bio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Presentation1
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
Josh.godo protein synthesis
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
Brock flipbook
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
Jimmy Carrier Protein Synthesis
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
FlipbookHannahD
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.
Yoho protein synthesis
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs when ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons until reaching a stop codon, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome and recognize codons via complementary anticodons.
Skyjamesanderson proteinsynthesis
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which involves transcription of DNA in the nucleus, formation of mRNA, export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA by ribosomes to form a protein chain. Transcription involves unwinding of DNA and formation of mRNA, which then exits the nucleus. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together to form a protein chain until a stop codon is reached. Protein synthesis is essential for life as proteins are the basic building blocks that allow the body to function.
Kshoemaker Protein synthesis project
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it undergoes translation using ribosomes. During translation, tRNA molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a complete protein.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Phsflamingturtleswatsonandcrick
- 1. WATSON AND CRICK Brittney Manges, Katie LaBelle, Amanda Moore, & Lily Sweet
- 2. Accomplishments • Found out that DNA had a double helix structure • Created the first sketch of DNA
- 3. Accomplishments (Cont.) • Found out that hydrogen bonds could form between certain nitrogenous bases, giving just enough force to hold the two strands together
- 4. Their Research • After Rosalind Franklin died, they found and added her research to theirs, including her X-Rays of DNA • They relied heavily on other scientists’ research
- 5. Their Research (Cont.) • They made a model showing that hydrogen bonds could create an almost perfect fit between the bases.
- 6. Their Inspiration • They used Oswald Avery’s research to find out DNA’s structure • Oswald concluded that bacteria could pass traits onto the next generation • Their research about the hydrogen bonds helped Erwin Chargaff find out the pairs for the nitrogenous bases.