The Instinct Theory proposes that aggression is innate human behavior that evolved through natural selection. It views aggression as an inevitable instinct, like in animals. There are two perspectives: the psychoanalytical approach sees aggression as a destructive drive that builds up and must be directed outward, while the ethological approach sees aggression building up to create a drive that must be released constructively to achieve catharsis. However, the Instinct Theory has been criticized for oversimplifying human behavior and failing to account for social and cultural influences that can override innate factors.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
An encompassing look at the rising issue of violence and sports, this presentation seeks to increase awareness for hazing and brawling within the sporting domain.
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This infographic was designed by Column Five: http://columnfivemedia.com/
No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
predictors of aggression , violence, excitement , psychoanalytic theory , humanistic theory, social learning , prevention , treatment , control of aggression , media violence
Social PsychologyWe cannot live for ourselves alone. Al.docxjensgosney
Social Psychology
We cannot live for ourselves alone. All of our lives are connected by a thousand invisible threads…..
What is Social PsychologySocial Psychology: The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social Psychologists: Explore the connections between people by scientifically studying how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Attribution TheoryPeople usually attribute others’ behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situation (is the behavior due to the person’s situation or disposition).
A teacher may wonder if a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality or a reaction to stress or abuse.
Problem: Fundamental Attribution Error (overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations)
Republican vs. Democrat (people vs. society / Katrina)
Attitudes and ActionsAttitudes are feelings, based on our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events.
If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act unfriendly.
Attitudes Affect Action and Vice VersaOur attitudes often affect our actions.
Example of Attitude affecting Action:
Democratic leaders didn’t agree with President Bush’s decision to attack Iraq but voted in support of it anyway because of overwhelming public support for Bush.
Similarly, our actions often affect our attitudes.
Example of Action affecting Attitude:
Cult involvement (Brainwashing)
Initially you disagree but you become involved and feel acceptance based on the actions of the cult leaders and end up forming a positive opinion of the cult.
Foot-In-The-Door PhenomenonThe tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one.
To get people to agree to something big, start small and build.
A small thing makes the next one, although slightly larger, seem “not so bad” (i.e. stealing / gangs).
Works for good things, too (contributions).
Role playing affects attitude (you’re a parent/student now)
Zimbardo Experiment of 1972
Social InfluenceWhy do things like suicides and school violence (Columbine, etc.) come in groups?
Answer…Conformity and Obedience:
Behavior is contagious (yawn/traffic gawkers)
We are natural mimics (our attempt at feeling the way others do – this is how we learn empathy)
We’re happy around happy people and sad around sad people.
Group Pressure and ConformityDefinition of Conformity: Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
When you are made to feel incompetent/insecure
When a group has at least three people
When the group is unanimous
When one admires the group’s status
When others in the group observe one’s behavior
i.e. sorority
Why Do We Conform?Normative Social Influence:
We are sensitive to social norms – understood rules for accepted and expected behavior – because the price we pay for being d.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Recap
In our last lesson we defined aggression and
discussed the differences between aggression and
assertion in a sporting context. You should have a
clear understanding of these differences.
Today we will learn and understand the
causes of aggression with sport and the
theories of aggression: focusing on the
Instinct Theory.
3. Can we identify aggressive and assertive
behaviour in sport? (add your example at the
bottom)
Scenario Aggression Assertion
In trying to head a football; a player clashes heads with
another player, causing serious injury to his opponent.
A boxer traps his opponent against the ropes and leads with
his head into the chin of the opponent.
A rugby player studs a player at the bottom of a ruck.
A basketball coach smashes a chair in protest at a referee’s
decision
4. Causes of aggression
Individual performers may act aggressively when:
They are losing (particularly when success has high intrinsic
(pride) or extrinsic value (money) ).
Officiating is seen a unfair e.g. bad decision
Embarrassment e.g. they have made an error which has lead
to opponent scoring a goal
Physical pain e.g. they have been tackled hard previously
Playing below expectations which can lead to
frustration.
5. General causes of aggression
Over arousal
Proximity of crowd
Home or away match
Increased rewards
Media intervention or comment
Belief that is OK to be aggressive in a sport than in other
life contexts (everyday life)
Competition
Belief that aggressive behaviour will help you win (help
performance outcome)
6. Why do some performers display more aggression
than others? E.g. Roy Keane & Frank Lampard
Psychologists want to get the root cause of aggressive
behaviour; is aggressive behaviour a result of nature or
nature? Theories of aggression attempt to resolve issues
such as:
Why do some performers find it hard to control
aggression?
Are aggressive individuals born with innate
aggressive characteristics?
Are they a product of their learning and
environmental influences?
7. Theories of Aggression
1. Instinct Theory: Psychoanalytical
approach & Ethological approach
2. Social Learning Theory
3. Frustration/Aggression
Hypothesis
4. Aggressive – cue Hypothesis
9. 1. Instinct Theory
Instinct theorists view aggression as something that has
formed in human beings through evolution. It is
seen as inevitable; just as it is in the animal world.
They believe aggression is innate and can be
channelled in to more socially acceptable
behaviour e.g. through sport as a spectator or
performer.
There are two perspectives taken on the instinct
theory:
- Psychoanalytical Approach
- Ethological Approach
10. 1. Instinct Theory
The Psychoanalytical Approach
Associated with Freud
Build up of Aggression = destructive
drive
Aggressive tendencies are innate
Expressed through self –
destruction or death instinct
Self destruction balanced by life instincts
11. 1. Instinct Theory
The Psychoanalytical Approach
This theory takes the approach that aggression
builds up win a person; and is then directed
away from ‘the self’ and in to another form of
aggression:
- Acceptable e.g. ........................................
- Unacceptable e.g. crime, brutality or eventually
back to the persons mind leading to suicide.
12. 1. Instinct Theory
The Psychoanalytical Approach
This theory takes the approach that aggression
builds up win a person; and is then directed
away from ‘the self’ and in to another form of
aggression:
- Acceptable e.g. sport, expeditions
- Unacceptable e.g. crime, brutality or eventually
back to the persons mind leading to suicide.
13. 1. Instinct Theory: ego defence
Can you think of a time when you
have felt so frustrated or angry
that you couldn’t stop yourself
from behaving aggressively?
What was the outcome?
14. 1. Instinct Theory
The Psychoanalytical Approach
- ‘Ego defence’: When we want to behave in an
unacceptable way we use ego defence
mechanisms like displacement. E.g. When we are
tackled hard in Rugby we don’t turn and punch our
opponent we go to the side line and kick the bench.
- Redirecting emotional response FROM
dangerous i.e. someone who will punch back
or you get sent off TO a harmless target.
15. 1. Instinct Theory
The Ethological Approach
Associated with Konrad Lorenz who compared
human behaviour with natural ritualistic behaviour
in animals. E.g. Human attempts at territorial
control like invasion.
Aggression builds up in human to create a drive
that will lead to some form of destructive or
aggressive behaviour.
To avoid this the aggression must be
released in a constructive way to achieve
catharsis.
16. 1. Instinct Theory
The Ethological Approach
Lorenz is saying that for you to feel better,
to reduce the drive to behave
aggressively you must release it in a
constructive way e.g. punching
somebody in the face may not reduce
aggressive behaviour in the short or long
term!!
17. Does channelled aggression in sport lead to
Catharsis? i.e. does releasing your
aggression in sport reduce aggressive
tendencies in everyday life?
Watch the video of Luton vs. Mill Wall
Is aggression in sport drive reducing or
drive enhancing ?
Drive = level of motivation or arousal
towards achieving a specific goal.
18. Does channelled aggression in sport lead
to Catharsis?
Drive = level of motivation or arousal towards achieving a specific
goal.
Instinct theorists believe that channelling aggression
through socially acceptable behaviour in sport is
drive reducing (releases aggression leading to
catharsis). Research contradicts this and has shown
that as a performer or spectator watching aggressive
behaviour in sport in can be drive enhancing e.g.
Aggression building in the crowd at a football match or a
spectator at a boxing match reproducing the aggression in
everyday life.
19. Criticisms of Instinct Theory
TASK
What criticisms or weaknesses can you draw from Instinct
Theory of aggression?
Note down your criticisms of instinct theory
providing an explanation of each.
Consider the following:
- Are all humans innately aggressive?
- Are there other influences that may override an
innate aggression?
- Can you compare humans to animals?
20. Criticisms of Instinct Theory
Comparing human behaviour to animal behaviour is to
simple. Humans learn in a social environment in more
cases than animals.
No innate aggressive drive has ever been indentified;
this theory is based on the view that aggression is
innate in all human beings.
It is difficult to measure the cathartic effect of
releasing aggression. This theory takes the view that
channelling aggression for example, through sport, is
cathartic.
Lorenz does not take into account learning and
socialising influences, which are to seen to overide
possible innate aggression.
21. Criticisms of Instinct Theory
Early human beings were not warrior but hunter
gatherers; this contradicts Instinct theory as it states
that aggression has been form through evolution and is
inventible.
Cross cultural studies do not support the view that all
human beings are naturally aggressive.
Cultural influences are seen as being more important
determinants of human aggression than biological
factors i.e. What is socially acceptable?