Aggression and Violence
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This presentation discusses about the theories of aggression, causes of aggression and the methods to manage aggression.
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Aggression
This document discusses aggression, including its definitions, types, biological and social causes, and symptom domains. It begins by exploring various definitions of aggression and how it differs from violence. It then outlines types of aggression such as instrumental vs emotional, sanctioned vs non-sanctioned, and proactive vs reactive. Biological explanations and the neuroanatomy/neurochemistry of aggression are reviewed. Social learning theory, social interaction theory, and excitation transfer theory are presented as theories of aggression. The document discusses demographic and situational factors associated with human aggression. Finally, it examines impulsivity and affective instability as two symptom domains of aggression.
Psychopathology
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
Abnormal Behavior
The document provides an overview of psychological disorders including:
- Historical models including the supernatural model which saw disorders as possession and the natural/medical model which saw them as diseases.
- Modern models including psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and diathesis-stress.
- The DSM-IV-TR classification system and descriptions of mood disorders like depression and mania, anxiety disorders, psychosomatic disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual/gender disorders, and personality disorders.
- Personality disorders are grouped into three clusters characterized by odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful behaviors respectively. Common disorders are described within each cluster.
Psychology Of Aggression
This document defines aggression and violence, and discusses various models and factors related to aggression. It begins by defining aggression as behavior intended to cause harm between individuals, which can be physical or emotional. Violence is defined as aggressive behavior using force. It then covers biological models of aggression including anatomical bases in the limbic system and hypothalamus, as well as neurotransmitters and hormones. Psychological models discussed include psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social learning theories. Social determinants of aggression highlighted include frustration, provocation, and media violence. The document concludes by covering prevention/control methods and cognitive theories of aggression.
Aggression
1) Aggression is defined as behavior intended to harm another living being who wants to avoid harm. Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors all contribute to aggression.
2) Media violence exposure, through television, movies, video games and other media, increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in both the short and long term according to research.
3) Bullying is a pattern of repeated aggression against a target with less power. It is motivated by a desire for power and status. Reducing bullying requires recognizing it as a problem and protecting victims.
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The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
hallucination
This document defines hallucinations as false sensory perceptions occurring without external stimuli. It classifies hallucinations into auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and olfactory types based on the affected sensory system. Auditory hallucinations are the most common and may be caused by executive function failure in the brain. Visual hallucinations involve neurotransmitters in the visual cortex and thalamus. Tactile hallucinations create imaginary physical sensations. Diseases that can involve hallucinations include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and organic mental disorders like delirium. Homoeopathic treatment focuses on potential miasmatic influences and ruling out underlying medical illness.
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Aggression
This document discusses aggression, including its definitions, types, biological and social causes, and symptom domains. It begins by exploring various definitions of aggression and how it differs from violence. It then outlines types of aggression such as instrumental vs emotional, sanctioned vs non-sanctioned, and proactive vs reactive. Biological explanations and the neuroanatomy/neurochemistry of aggression are reviewed. Social learning theory, social interaction theory, and excitation transfer theory are presented as theories of aggression. The document discusses demographic and situational factors associated with human aggression. Finally, it examines impulsivity and affective instability as two symptom domains of aggression.
Psychopathology
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
Abnormal Behavior
The document provides an overview of psychological disorders including:
- Historical models including the supernatural model which saw disorders as possession and the natural/medical model which saw them as diseases.
- Modern models including psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and diathesis-stress.
- The DSM-IV-TR classification system and descriptions of mood disorders like depression and mania, anxiety disorders, psychosomatic disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual/gender disorders, and personality disorders.
- Personality disorders are grouped into three clusters characterized by odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful behaviors respectively. Common disorders are described within each cluster.
Psychology Of Aggression
This document defines aggression and violence, and discusses various models and factors related to aggression. It begins by defining aggression as behavior intended to cause harm between individuals, which can be physical or emotional. Violence is defined as aggressive behavior using force. It then covers biological models of aggression including anatomical bases in the limbic system and hypothalamus, as well as neurotransmitters and hormones. Psychological models discussed include psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social learning theories. Social determinants of aggression highlighted include frustration, provocation, and media violence. The document concludes by covering prevention/control methods and cognitive theories of aggression.
Aggression
1) Aggression is defined as behavior intended to harm another living being who wants to avoid harm. Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors all contribute to aggression.
2) Media violence exposure, through television, movies, video games and other media, increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in both the short and long term according to research.
3) Bullying is a pattern of repeated aggression against a target with less power. It is motivated by a desire for power and status. Reducing bullying requires recognizing it as a problem and protecting victims.
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Aggression in Sports
Definitions
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Attention
The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
hallucination
This document defines hallucinations as false sensory perceptions occurring without external stimuli. It classifies hallucinations into auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and olfactory types based on the affected sensory system. Auditory hallucinations are the most common and may be caused by executive function failure in the brain. Visual hallucinations involve neurotransmitters in the visual cortex and thalamus. Tactile hallucinations create imaginary physical sensations. Diseases that can involve hallucinations include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and organic mental disorders like delirium. Homoeopathic treatment focuses on potential miasmatic influences and ruling out underlying medical illness.
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The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
Personality disorders
This document discusses personality disorders. It begins by defining personality and personality traits, then defines personality disorders as inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that interfere with functioning. It describes three clusters of personality disorders - Cluster A which includes odd or eccentric behavior; Cluster B which includes dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior; and Cluster C which includes anxious or fearful behavior. The document then provides more details on specific personality disorders like paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. It discusses symptoms, causes, treatment options for each.
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Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
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This document provides an overview of the psychology of aggression and violence. It begins with definitions of key terms like aggression, violence, and excitement. It then discusses various classifications and types of aggression, including hostile vs instrumental aggression. The document outlines several models of aggression, including biological, psychological, and social learning theories. It discusses various determinants of aggression including social, environmental, and situational factors. Finally, it proposes several methods for reducing aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, modeling non-aggressive behavior, teaching communication skills, building empathy, and aggression replacement training.
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This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
Delusions
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Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by intense fear and physical symptoms. During panic attacks, which can last from minutes to an hour, individuals may experience symptoms like a racing heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, they often worry about when the next attack will occur. Panic disorder can develop suddenly and may be associated with agoraphobia, depression and changes in behavior to avoid triggers of panic attacks. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes.
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This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
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Sexual disorders
The document discusses various sexual disorders classified in ICD-10. It describes gender identity disorders like gender dysphoria and transsexualism. It also discusses psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual development including homosexuality and paraphilias. Finally, it covers sexual dysfunctions such as frigidity, impotence and premature ejaculation. The document provides etiology and treatment approaches for these various sexual disorders.
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The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
History of psychology
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Causes of abnormal behaviour
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Biological factors include genetic defects, constitutional liabilities, physical deprivation, disruptive emotional processes, and brain pathology. Psychosocial factors comprise maternal deprivation, pathogenic family environments, early psychic trauma, and problematic interpersonal relationships. Sociocultural influences involve issues like war, prejudice, economic problems, and rapid social change. The causes of abnormal behavior are complex and multifactorial rather than the result of any single influence.
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This document defines and differentiates between anger, aggression, and violence. It discusses several theories of aggression including biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, and social learning theories. It outlines types of anger and aggression such as instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression. Predisposing factors that can lead to maladaptive expression of anger and aggression are also discussed, including modeling behavior from caregivers and exposure to media violence. Nursing responses and management strategies for dealing with patient anger and aggression are mentioned as topics that will be covered.
Aggression
Aggression can take many forms from physical violence to verbal insults. While some argue aggression is innate, driven by evolution and hormones, others believe it is learned through experiences like punishment and imitation of models. Gender, culture, media exposure, and substances like alcohol can influence aggressive behaviors. Effectively addressing the root causes of frustration and negative affect while promoting non-violent conflict resolution may help reduce aggression.
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Personality disorders
This document discusses personality disorders. It begins by defining personality and personality traits, then defines personality disorders as inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that interfere with functioning. It describes three clusters of personality disorders - Cluster A which includes odd or eccentric behavior; Cluster B which includes dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior; and Cluster C which includes anxious or fearful behavior. The document then provides more details on specific personality disorders like paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. It discusses symptoms, causes, treatment options for each.
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Introduces and discusses theories and research about the causes of aggression and anti-social behaviour.
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This document provides an overview of the psychology of aggression and violence. It begins with definitions of key terms like aggression, violence, and excitement. It then discusses various classifications and types of aggression, including hostile vs instrumental aggression. The document outlines several models of aggression, including biological, psychological, and social learning theories. It discusses various determinants of aggression including social, environmental, and situational factors. Finally, it proposes several methods for reducing aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, modeling non-aggressive behavior, teaching communication skills, building empathy, and aggression replacement training.
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Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where subjects demonstrate heightened suggestibility. It can be used to access the subconscious mind. There are different states of hypnosis and techniques used by hypnotists include eye fixation and relaxation. Subjects must be willing and able to be hypnotized. Effects include increased suggestibility and perceptual distortions. Theories explain hypnosis as either a role, state, or form of dissociation. Forensic hypnosis to access memories is controversial due to risks of forming false memories.
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Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Aggression in Social Psychology
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
Delusions
Delusions are beliefs that are firmly held but on inadequate grounds and are not affected by rational argument or evidence. They are not conventional beliefs for a person's cultural background and education level. Primary delusions occur suddenly without other abnormal mental events, while secondary delusions arise from previous abnormal ideas or experiences like hallucinations or mood disorders. Related phenomena include delusional moods, perceptions, and memories. Shared delusions between two people are called folie à deux. Common delusional themes include persecution, reference, grandeur, guilt, worthlessness, control of thoughts, and religious or sexual beliefs.
Panic Disorders
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by intense fear and physical symptoms. During panic attacks, which can last from minutes to an hour, individuals may experience symptoms like a racing heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, they often worry about when the next attack will occur. Panic disorder can develop suddenly and may be associated with agoraphobia, depression and changes in behavior to avoid triggers of panic attacks. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes.
Abnormal Psychology
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
Aggression In Social Psychology
The document defines aggression and discusses factors that can lead to aggressive behavior, including personal, situational, and social factors. It then outlines several strategies that can be used to reduce aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, cognitive interventions like apologies, exposure to non-aggressive social models, training in social skills, and using incompatible responses to generate emotions like laughter that are incompatible with anger.
Sexual disorders
The document discusses various sexual disorders classified in ICD-10. It describes gender identity disorders like gender dysphoria and transsexualism. It also discusses psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual development including homosexuality and paraphilias. Finally, it covers sexual dysfunctions such as frigidity, impotence and premature ejaculation. The document provides etiology and treatment approaches for these various sexual disorders.
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This document provides information on impulse control disorders including intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathological gambling, trichotillomania, and impulse control disorder not otherwise specified. It discusses the epidemiology, comorbidity, etiology, diagnosis, course, prognosis, and treatment of each disorder. For each disorder, it provides the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10. The document focuses in more depth on intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, and pathological gambling by including sections on their specific etiologies, clinical features, and treatments.
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The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
History of psychology
This presentation will help you understand the history of psychology, the roots of psychology before it became a separate discipline.
Causes of abnormal behaviour
Biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors all contribute to abnormal behavior. The document discusses several causal factors at each level:
Biological factors include genetic defects, constitutional liabilities, physical deprivation, disruptive emotional processes, and brain pathology. Psychosocial factors comprise maternal deprivation, pathogenic family environments, early psychic trauma, and problematic interpersonal relationships. Sociocultural influences involve issues like war, prejudice, economic problems, and rapid social change. The causes of abnormal behavior are complex and multifactorial rather than the result of any single influence.
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Dissociative disorder
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Chapter 10
Aggression & Antisocial Behavior
1
Today’s outline
Why are people aggressive?
Instinct/Biology
Narcissists
Social learning
Media & violence
Aggression under orders
Milgram’s study
Assertiveness instead of aggression
Antisocial Behavior
Antisocial behavior: any behavior that has a negative impact on other people
Aggression: hurting another person or achieving one’s goals at the expense of another person
E.g. war, homicide, riots, rape, assault, forcible robbery, family violence, bullying, etc.
Why are we aggressive?
Why are we aggressive?
First, as a quick note, with each passing year the world has grown more peaceful
Despite what it may seem like from the media
The world is many times more peaceful than in ancient times, where proportionally more people would died in wars
In the 2000’s there were only 2k deaths per year from warring countries whereas in the 1950’s there were 65k per year.
Instincts
Ethologists: people who study natural behavior patterns of animals
Believe that aggression is innate in all animals, including humans, e.g. killer instinct
Freud would have agreed
The fact that we are biologically capable of aggression does not mean that aggression is inevitable or “part of human nature”
The vast majority of people are NOT aggressive
Some cultures show very little: Eskimos, Navajo
Biology
Testosterone correlated with aggression
May partially explain why we see more physical violence from men than woman
Alcohol & other drugs lower inhibitions
The majority of murders and violent crimes involve alcohol
Body temperature is also linked to aggression
For this reason prisons usually keep a cool temperature
Other innate causes of aggression
Well, this theme has come up many times so far in this course, but once again:
Narcissists
Violent individuals often have high self-esteem and grandiose self beliefs
Bushman & Baumeister (2002), the authors of your textbook, also found that violent prisoners have higher narcissism scores than nonviolent people
Narcissism continued
Narcissistic personality inventory:
‘I insist on getting the respect I deserve’
Then participants mark the extent to which they agree
Direct quote from the Columbine killer:
“Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?”
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road rage
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Why though?
Perhaps because frustration is an aversive state
Aggression as a response to aversive stimuli
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Aversive stimuli: pain, temperature, odors, etc.
Aggression cues: signals that are associated with aggression
Rude gestures, middle finger, body language
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This document discusses various perspectives on the nature and causes of human aggression. It explores both innate and learned factors, including biological influences like genetics and hormones, psychological theories like frustration-aggression theory and social learning theory, and environmental triggers such as heat, attacks, crowding, and painful accidents. The document examines views from philosophers like Hobbes and Rousseau as well as scientists studying neural, genetic, chemical, and behavioral influences on aggression.
Aggression
This document discusses human behavior and aggression. It defines aggression as behavior intended to harm others or cause pain/loss of resources. Two types of aggression are discussed: instrumental aggression aimed at personal gain, and emotional aggression driven by anger/desire to harm. Violence is defined as extreme, unjustified aggression violating social norms. Statistics on violence in different countries are provided. Demographic factors like age, gender, education, substance abuse are linked to aggression. The role of media like TV and video games in increasing aggression is examined. Frustration, provocation, and heightened arousal are described as causes of aggression. Freudian and social theories of aggression are outlined. Suggestions to reduce aggression include controlling media portrayal, seeking win-
Elements of Cultural EmotionsTheodoric Manley, Jr. PhD
Elements of Cultural Emotions
Theodoric Manley, Jr. PhD
Explanations for Cultural Emotions
Constructionist
What people feel is conditioned by socialization
Emotions are constrained and channeled by sociocultural contexts
Biology
Emotions are the outcome of physiological changes in the body expressed through the sympathetic nervous system channeled by our brain
Hearing, seeing, touching, feeling, tasteing go through thalamus subcortical region of brian. AMYDGALA--CENTER OF FEAR RESPONSES IN THE SUBCORTEX
Cognition
Emotions are not formed until there is an appraisal of the objects or events in the situation. Once arousal has occurred perception and thought are implicated in the process
When biological cues are activated these biological can be subject to thought and reflection which alter the flow of emotional experience
Biological Emotion and Social Sentiments—Steven Gordon (1981)
Biological emotion (a physiological concept) is a configuration of bodily sensations and gestures in response to stimuli.
Social Sentiment involves “combinations of bodily sensations, gestures, and cultural meanings that we learn in enduring relationships (Gordon, 1981: p. 563).
Gordon argues that biological emotions such as anger and fear, become, shortly after childhood, transformed into cultural meanings that are organized around a relationship to a social object, often another person or group.
Theist's Elements of an Emotion: “Emotional Deviance: Research Agendas” (1990) by P. A. Thoits in Research Agenda’s in the Sociology of Emotions (pp. 180-203)
Interaction of Five Senses with Sixth Sense (Emotions)
Universal
Pain
Hate
Fear
Disgust
Shame
Love
Triggers
Class/Social
Status
Race/Ethnic
Gender
Sexuality
Social
Movements
Sociology of Cultural Emotions (Turner and Stets, 2005: p. 9)
Emotions involve certain elements.
The biological activation of key body systems;
Socially constructed cultural definitions and constraints on what emotions should be experienced and expressed in a situation;
The application of linguistic labels provided by culture to internal sensations;
The overt expression of emotions through facial, voice, and paralinguistic moves; and
Perceptions and appraisals of situational objects or events
Turner and Stets (2005)
Intensity of Primary Emotions
“On the Origins of Human Emotions” (p. 73), Primary Emotions--UniversalLow-IntensityModerate IntensityHigh IntensityHappiness— SatisfactionContent, sanguine, serenity, gratifiedCheerful, buoyant, friendly, amiable, enjoymentJoy, bliss, rapture, jubilant, gaiety, elation, delight, thrilled, exhilaratedFear—Aversion Concern, hesitant, reluctance, shynessMisgivings, trepidations, anxiety, scared, alarmed, unnerved, panicTerror, horror, high anxietyAnger—AssertionAnnoyed, agitated, irritated, vexed, perturbed, nettled, rankled, piquedDispleased, frustrated, belligerent, contentious, hostility, ire, animosity, offended, consternationDislike, loathing, disgus ...
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Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
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Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
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Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
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Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
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Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
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Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
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Washing away the stimulus
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Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
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Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
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Aggression and Violence
- 2. DEFINATION Human aggression – behaviour directed toward another individual carried out with the immediate intent to cause harm. In addition the perpetrator must believe that the behavior will harm the target, and that the target is motivated to avoid the behavior Violence - is aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g., death). All violence is aggression, but many instances of aggression are not violent. (Bushman & Anderson 2001)
- 5. TYPES OF AGGRESSION Hostile/ affective/impulsive/reactive aggression: has historically been conceived as being impulsive, thoughtless (i.e., unplanned), driven by anger, having the ultimate motive of harming the target, and occurring as a reaction to some perceived provocation. Instrumental aggression: is conceived as a premeditated means of obtaining some goal through harming the victim, and being proactive rather than reactive. Geen 2001
- 6. Theories of aggression Cognitive Neoassociation Theory (Berkowitz (1989) Social Learning Theory (Bandura 2001) Script Theory (Huesmann 1986) Excitation transfer theory (Zillmann 1988) Social interaction theory (Tedeschi & Felson 1994)
- 8. “Modeling” Learn how to behave prosocially Learn how to behave aggressively Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
- 9. Script Theory Scripts are sets of particularly well-rehearsed, highly associated concepts in memory, often involving causal links, goals, and action plans When items are so strongly linked that they form a script, they become a unitary concept in semantic memory. when children observe violence in the mass media, they learn aggressive scripts. Scripts define situations and guide behavior Thus, a child who has witnessed several thousand instances of using a gun to settle a dispute on television is likely to have a very accessible script that has generalized across many situations
- 10. Excitation Transfer Theory Physiological arousal dissipates slowly. If two arousing events are separated by a short amount of time, arousal from the first event may spill onto the second event.
- 12. Social Interaction Theory Interprets aggressive behaviour (or coercive actions) as social influence behaviour Actor uses coercive actions to produce some change in the target’s behavior.
- 13. Other theories of aggression • Instinct theories • Freud • Psychoanalytic theory • Death instinct vs. life instinct • Aggression – death instinct is turned outward at others • Evolutionary theories • Darwin • Genetic survival • Genetic selection for aggression Darwin Freud
- 15. Input Variables Person factors Personality traits Gender Beliefs Attitudes Values Long term goals Scripts
- 16. Input Variables Situational factors Aggressive cues Provocation Frustration Pain and discomfort Drugs Incentives
- 17. Routes Cognition Scripts Hostile thoughts Affect Mood and emotion Expressive motor responses Arousal Interconnection between above three routes
- 18. Causes: 1. Early Training 2. Biology 3. Cultural Expectations 4. Instinct 5. Influence of the Media 6. Use of Alcohol 7. Modelling
- 19. Early Training Children who are punished severely by their parents are more aggressive, became more aggressive adults, are more likely to have criminal records and more likely to have a history of violence. Children copy what their parents do.
- 20. Biology High levels of male hormone testosterone. Testosterone increases the amount of adrenaline released by the body.
- 21. Cultural Expectations Varies from culture to culture. In militaristic cultures higher levels of aggression and violence are accepted.
- 22. Instinct Humans have natural aggressive and violent instincts because traditionally the more aggressive humans survived and passed on this genetic code to their children. This is based on anthropological views of “survival of the fittest”.
- 23. Influence of the Media Connection between TV violence and real-life violence. People are less likely to be emotionally upset by real- life violence after viewing TV violence.
- 24. Use of Alcohol Alcohol may reduce the inhibitions that would normally prevent a person from acting violently.
- 25. How Can Aggression Be Reduced? Catharsis: Doesn’t work Punishment: Not a simple solution Deterrence Theory: Punishment has to be moderate, certain, and swift Corporal punishment increases aggression (Eron et al., 1991; Straus et al., 1997; Gershoff, 2002) Remove Cues to Aggression (Berkowitz) Provide Better Role Models (Bandura)
- 26. How Can Aggression Be Reduced? Cognitive Interventions Apologizing can be effective Engaging in activities that distract attention away from anger causing factors Teach social skills Better communication Induce incompatible responses Humor
- 27. References Bushman BJ, Anderson CA. 2001. Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychol. Rev. 108:273–79 Geen RG. 2001. Human Aggression. Taylor & Francis. 2nd ed Berkowitz L. 1989. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychol. Bull. 106:59–73 Bandura A. 2001. Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52:1–26 Huesmann LR. 1986. Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. J. Soc. Issues 42:125–40 Zillmann D. 1988. Cognition-excitation interdependencies in aggressive behavior. Aggress. Behav. 14:51–64 Tedeschi JT, Felson RB. 1994. Violence, Aggression, & Coercive Actions. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc